Humoral immunity to West Nile virus is long-lasting and protective in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus)

• Published in: The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene Vol. 80; no. 5; pp. 864 - 869
• Main Authors: Nemeth, Nicole M, Oesterle, Paul T, Bowen, Richard A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Deerfield, IL ASTMH 01.05.2009; American Society of Tropical Medecine and Hygiene
• Subjects: Animals; Antibodies, Viral - blood; Antibodies, Viral - immunology; Biological and medical sciences; bird diseases; Bird Diseases - immunology; Cercopithecus aethiops; humoral immunity; Infectious diseases; longitudinal studies; Medical sciences; mortality; neutralizing antibodies; Passer domesticus; Sparrows - immunology; Time Factors; Vero Cells; viral diseases of animals and humans; West Nile Fever - immunology; West Nile Fever - veterinary; West Nile virus; West Nile virus - immunology; Virus; Prevention; West Nile virus; Tropical medicine; Japanese encephalitis group virus; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus; Humoral immunity
• ISSN: 1476-1645; 0002-9637; 1476-1645
• DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.80.864

The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a common and abundant amplifying host of West Nile virus (WNV) and many survive infection and develop humoral immunity. We experimentally inoculated house sparrows with WNV and monitored duration and protection of resulting antibodies. Neutralizing antibody titers remained relatively constant for >or= 36 months (N = 42) and provided sterilizing immunity for up to 36 months post-inoculation in 98.6% of individuals (N = 72). These results imply that immune house sparrows are protected from WNV infection for multiple transmission seasons. Additionally, individuals experiencing WNV-associated mortality reached significantly higher peak viremia titers than survivors, and mortality during acute infection was significantly higher in caged versus free-flight sparrows. A better understanding of the long-term immunity and mortality rates in birds is valuable in interpreting serosurveillance and diagnostic data and modeling transmission and disease dynamics.