COVID-19 lockdown induces disease-mitigating structural changes in mobility networks

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic many countries implemented containment measures to reduce disease transmission. Studies using digital data sources show that the mobility of individuals was effectively reduced in multiple countries. However, it remains unclear whether these reductions caused dee...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 117; no. 52; pp. 32883 - 32890
Main Authors Schlosser, Frank, Maier, Benjamin F., Jack, Olivia, Hinrichs, David, Zachariae, Adrian, Brockmann, Dirk
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States National Academy of Sciences 29.12.2020
SeriesFrom the Cover
Subjects
Cell Phone
COVID-19 - prevention & control
Germany
Humans
Pandemics
Physical Sciences
Quarantine
Social Sciences
Spatial Analysis
Travel - statistics & numerical data
Germany
COVID-19
human mobility
mobile phones
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic many countries implemented containment measures to reduce disease transmission. Studies using digital data sources show that the mobility of individuals was effectively reduced in multiple countries. However, it remains unclear whether these reductions caused deeper structural changes in mobility networks and how such changes may affect dynamic processes on the network. Here we use movement data of mobile phone users to show that mobility in Germany has not only been reduced considerably: Lockdown measures caused substantial and long-lasting structural changes in the mobility network. We find that long-distance travel was reduced disproportionately strongly. The trimming of long-range network connectivity leads to a more local, clustered network and a moderation of the “small-world” effect. We demonstrate that these structural changes have a considerable effect on epidemic spreading processes by “flattening” the epidemic curve and delaying the spread to geographically distant regions.
AbstractList Significance During the COVID-19 pandemic, mobility restrictions have proved to be an effective mitigation strategy in many countries. To apply these measures more efficiently in the future, it is important to understand their effects in detail. In this study, we use mobile phone data to uncover profound structural changes in mobility in Germany during the pandemic. We find that a strong reduction of long-distance travel rendered mobility to be more local, such that distant parts of the country became less connected. We demonstrate that due to this loss of connectivity, infectious diseases can be slowed down in their spatial spread. Our study provides important insights into the complex effects of mobility restrictions for policymakers and future research. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic many countries implemented containment measures to reduce disease transmission. Studies using digital data sources show that the mobility of individuals was effectively reduced in multiple countries. However, it remains unclear whether these reductions caused deeper structural changes in mobility networks and how such changes may affect dynamic processes on the network. Here we use movement data of mobile phone users to show that mobility in Germany has not only been reduced considerably: Lockdown measures caused substantial and long-lasting structural changes in the mobility network. We find that long-distance travel was reduced disproportionately strongly. The trimming of long-range network connectivity leads to a more local, clustered network and a moderation of the “small-world” effect. We demonstrate that these structural changes have a considerable effect on epidemic spreading processes by “flattening” the epidemic curve and delaying the spread to geographically distant regions.
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic many countries implemented containment measures to reduce disease transmission. Studies using digital data sources show that the mobility of individuals was effectively reduced in multiple countries. However, it remains unclear whether these reductions caused deeper structural changes in mobility networks and how such changes may affect dynamic processes on the network. Here we use movement data of mobile phone users to show that mobility in Germany has not only been reduced considerably: Lockdown measures caused substantial and long-lasting structural changes in the mobility network. We find that long-distance travel was reduced disproportionately strongly. The trimming of long-range network connectivity leads to a more local, clustered network and a moderation of the “small-world” effect. We demonstrate that these structural changes have a considerable effect on epidemic spreading processes by “flattening” the epidemic curve and delaying the spread to geographically distant regions.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, mobility restrictions have proved to be an effective mitigation strategy in many countries. To apply these measures more efficiently in the future, it is important to understand their effects in detail. In this study, we use mobile phone data to uncover profound structural changes in mobility in Germany during the pandemic. We find that a strong reduction of long-distance travel rendered mobility to be more local, such that distant parts of the country became less connected. We demonstrate that due to this loss of connectivity, infectious diseases can be slowed down in their spatial spread. Our study provides important insights into the complex effects of mobility restrictions for policymakers and future research. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic many countries implemented containment measures to reduce disease transmission. Studies using digital data sources show that the mobility of individuals was effectively reduced in multiple countries. However, it remains unclear whether these reductions caused deeper structural changes in mobility networks and how such changes may affect dynamic processes on the network. Here we use movement data of mobile phone users to show that mobility in Germany has not only been reduced considerably: Lockdown measures caused substantial and long-lasting structural changes in the mobility network. We find that long-distance travel was reduced disproportionately strongly. The trimming of long-range network connectivity leads to a more local, clustered network and a moderation of the “small-world” effect. We demonstrate that these structural changes have a considerable effect on epidemic spreading processes by “flattening” the epidemic curve and delaying the spread to geographically distant regions.
Author Hinrichs, David
Maier, Benjamin F.
Zachariae, Adrian
Brockmann, Dirk
Jack, Olivia
Schlosser, Frank
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Frank
  surname: Schlosser
  fullname: Schlosser, Frank
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Benjamin F.
  surname: Maier
  fullname: Maier, Benjamin F.
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Olivia
  surname: Jack
  fullname: Jack, Olivia
– sequence: 4
  givenname: David
  surname: Hinrichs
  fullname: Hinrichs, David
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Adrian
  surname: Zachariae
  fullname: Zachariae, Adrian
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Dirk
  surname: Brockmann
  fullname: Brockmann, Dirk
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33273120$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNpVkc1PGzEQxa2KqgTac0-t9tjLwoy98celUpV-gITEBbhaju0Ew66d2l4Q_303CgR6GmnmN2-e5h2Rg5iiJ-QzwgmCYKebaMoJBaSMckTxjswQFLa8U3BAZgBUtLKj3SE5KuUOANRcwgdyyBgVDCnMyNXi8ub8Z4uq6ZO9d-kxNiG60frSuFC8Kb4dQg1rU0NcN6Xm0dYxm76xtyauJyrEZkjL0If61ERfH1O-Lx_J-5Xpi__0XI_J9e9fV4uz9uLyz_nix0VrO4m1pXO7mrulMMavJKNMcQloOi4V8846Zjnjwiq7dF5aDgq4Yx4Zm7pSoUN2TL7vdDfjcphWfKyTNb3JYTD5SScT9P-TGG71Oj1oIQRXsBX49iyQ09_Rl6qHUKzvexN9GoumHRccGXZiQk93qM2plOxX-zMIepuF3mahX7OYNr6-dbfnX54_AV92wF2pKe_nVADwOUj2D3CCkjg
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trpro_2022_01_025
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tele_2021_101692
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19127317
crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2306710120
crossref_primary_10_1002_hbm_25673
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cell_2023_06_001
crossref_primary_10_1093_jtm_taac134
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cities_2023_104621
crossref_primary_10_1057_s41599_024_03050_0
crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSE_2022_3142316
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2021_102679
crossref_primary_10_1140_epjds_s13688_023_00391_9
crossref_primary_10_3390_e26050398
crossref_primary_10_1080_17421772_2022_2144640
crossref_primary_10_1515_ger_2021_0060
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_95894_8
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apgeog_2023_102885
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11116_023_10392_2
crossref_primary_10_26552_com_C_2022_4_A172_A186
crossref_primary_10_1097_QCO_0000000000000770
crossref_primary_10_1080_13683500_2021_1937075
crossref_primary_10_1111_sjoe_12537
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jebo_2024_05_017
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41597_024_03329_6
crossref_primary_10_1088_1367_2630_ac0c99
crossref_primary_10_23919_JSC_2021_0011
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecotra_2022_100286
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pdig_0000405
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scs_2023_104435
crossref_primary_10_3389_fdata_2022_822889
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_uclim_2023_101533
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pcbi_1009210
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_06992_0
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_epidem_2023_100666
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mbs_2021_108619
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_epidem_2021_100515
crossref_primary_10_1057_s41599_022_01124_5
crossref_primary_10_2196_39588
crossref_primary_10_2196_55013
crossref_primary_10_3389_fmolb_2022_803314
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11071_023_09078_2
crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2100664118
crossref_primary_10_7705_biomedica_6313
crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3911825
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pcbi_1009326
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isci_2022_104079
crossref_primary_10_1515_labmed_2021_0092
crossref_primary_10_3390_atmos12040513
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00103_021_03378_x
crossref_primary_10_1038_s43588_022_00312_2
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12879_022_07302_9
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0295954
crossref_primary_10_3390_su142013689
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41746_021_00523_3
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cities_2023_104307
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imed_2023_01_002
crossref_primary_10_4236_pp_2022_131002
crossref_primary_10_3390_v13050794
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ehb_2022_101195
crossref_primary_10_1088_1674_1056_acd7d1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssmph_2021_100799
crossref_primary_10_1080_13658816_2021_2005796
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_022_01662_1
crossref_primary_10_21919_remef_v16i3_675
crossref_primary_10_1038_s43856_023_00310_z
crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_cs_2046
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0002151
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scs_2021_103206
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tranpol_2021_01_012
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_32786_z
crossref_primary_10_2188_jea_JE20220064
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jth_2022_101405
crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4104602
crossref_primary_10_1055_a_1857_6414
crossref_primary_10_1057_s41599_024_02881_1
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_06720_8
crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0090114
crossref_primary_10_1111_soc4_13084
crossref_primary_10_1109_OJCOMS_2022_3210289
crossref_primary_10_1098_rsif_2022_0486
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtrangeo_2022_103507
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tranpol_2024_03_011
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjebm_2021_111901
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annals_2022_103522
crossref_primary_10_1038_s42949_023_00082_4
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10654_022_00938_6
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_94060_4
crossref_primary_10_5194_acp_22_6151_2022
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphy_2022_915441
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18189765
crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3908857
crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3977156
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12651_022_00321_8
crossref_primary_10_1111_jors_12662
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0249726
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_idm_2021_01_004
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_03998_y
crossref_primary_10_1007_s41109_020_00333_8
crossref_primary_10_3390_su12177206
crossref_primary_10_1098_rsif_2021_0019
crossref_primary_10_1055_a_1519_5928
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijgi11080453
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms24031967
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cstp_2021_08_010
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtbi_2024_111795
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0261725
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_10941_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jth_2024_101788
crossref_primary_10_1038_s42949_022_00061_1
crossref_primary_10_1038_s43588_022_00314_0
crossref_primary_10_1088_1478_3975_ac059d
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compenvurbsys_2022_101846
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cities_2021_103139
crossref_primary_10_3390_e24020271
crossref_primary_10_1017_S0950268821000558
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_94144_1
crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3804077
crossref_primary_10_1007_s41109_022_00492_w
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chaos_2023_114264
crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2023895118
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_023_15858_7
crossref_primary_10_1111_rsp3_12537
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18115636
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_techfore_2022_122051
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0303180
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_75033_5
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physrep_2021_02_001
crossref_primary_10_1061_JTEPBS_TEENG_7498
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lanepe_2021_100112
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12879_022_07455_7
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_03167_1
crossref_primary_10_1088_2632_072X_ac9a29
crossref_primary_10_1111_rsp3_12525
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cities_2023_104220
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_92134_x
crossref_primary_10_3390_v15071527
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_45934_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physa_2021_126014
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scs_2023_104626
crossref_primary_10_1093_jtm_taac081
crossref_primary_10_1111_puar_13426
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0296423
crossref_primary_10_1177_17456916211034499
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trip_2023_100757
crossref_primary_10_26552_com_C_2022_3_A100_A111
crossref_primary_10_1017_nws_2023_6
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0276741
crossref_primary_10_1140_epjs_s11734_021_00279_7
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_clscn_2022_100049
crossref_primary_10_1360_nso_20220003
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tbs_2022_11_005
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph192315716
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10901_024_10129_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tranpol_2022_09_002
crossref_primary_10_1177_02683962231208724
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bsheal_2021_09_002
crossref_primary_10_1098_rsos_211038
crossref_primary_10_1098_rsta_2021_0118
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0248288
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0250764
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijdrr_2023_104095
crossref_primary_10_1080_17489725_2023_2292363
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18062826
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12942_023_00357_0
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_commtr_2023_100110
crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSS_2023_3303568
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtrangeo_2024_103851
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10037_023_00185_6
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_13723_y
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18147661
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10109_021_00349_3
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_24323_1
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_37297_5
crossref_primary_10_1111_rsp3_12565
crossref_primary_10_1093_jrsssa_qnac006
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_35542_5
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_023_37189_2
crossref_primary_10_1140_epjds_s13688_023_00426_1
crossref_primary_10_1111_rsp3_12575
crossref_primary_10_1038_s43588_024_00637_0
crossref_primary_10_1098_rsos_201382
crossref_primary_10_3233_MGC_210101
crossref_primary_10_1057_s41289_021_00160_y
crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3620070
crossref_primary_10_2478_mgr_2023_0002
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pdig_0000149
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tra_2022_09_007
crossref_primary_10_1057_s41599_021_00775_0
crossref_primary_10_1080_1540496X_2021_1903427
crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4172104
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13362_022_00130_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cities_2022_103751
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41597_021_01093_5
crossref_primary_10_1093_poq_nfac042
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41562_023_01660_3
crossref_primary_10_1177_23998083231159397
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cstp_2021_12_007
crossref_primary_10_1098_rsif_2021_0662
crossref_primary_10_1111_tgis_12799
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18136883
crossref_primary_10_5406_19398298_136_2_03
crossref_primary_10_1057_s41599_024_03376_9
crossref_primary_10_3390_economies8040078
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10479_023_05635_5
crossref_primary_10_5507_tots_2021_010
crossref_primary_10_1111_dar_13508
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12544_023_00608_y
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0267436
crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2020524118
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2023_103031
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_99548_7
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_04653_2
crossref_primary_10_1093_ectj_utab021
crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2305285120
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_04139_1
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00103_023_03827_9
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cie_2022_108670
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trpro_2023_11_709
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_01076_x
Cites_doi 10.1126/science.abb9789
10.1371/journal.pone.0241468
10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1
10.3961/jpmph.20.076
10.1126/science.aba9757
10.1038/s41586-020-2405-7
10.1038/s41598-020-75033-5
10.1038/s41598-021-92399-2
10.1038/s41586-020-2284-y
10.1038/s41597-020-00575-2
10.1101/2020.03.21.20040022
10.1126/science.1245200
10.2307/2265966
10.1103/PhysRevE.76.026107
10.1007/s11684-020-0766-9
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003716
10.1103/RevModPhys.87.925
10.1016/j.physrep.2010.11.002
10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
10.1103/PhysRevE.66.016128
10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
10.1038/30918
10.1103/PhysRevE.60.R6263
10.1093/jtm/taaa020
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30679-6
10.1007/BF01386390
10.3390/jcm9040967
10.1126/sciadv.abc0764
10.1101/2020.05.04.20090639
10.1145/3404820.3404824
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.
Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. 2020
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.
– notice: Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. 2020
DBID CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.1073/pnas.2012326117
DatabaseName Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList CrossRef


MEDLINE - Academic
MEDLINE
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Sciences (General)
EISSN 1091-6490
EndPage 32890
ExternalDocumentID 10_1073_pnas_2012326117
33273120
27006508
Genre Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Journal Article
GeographicLocations Germany
GeographicLocations_xml – name: Germany
GroupedDBID ---
-DZ
-~X
.55
0R~
123
29P
2AX
2FS
2WC
4.4
53G
5RE
5VS
79B
85S
AACGO
AAFWJ
AANCE
ABBHK
ABOCM
ABPLY
ABPPZ
ABTLG
ABXSQ
ABZEH
ACGOD
ACIWK
ACNCT
ACPRK
ADZLD
AENEX
AEUPB
AEXZC
AFFNX
AFOSN
AFRAH
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AQVQM
ASUFR
BKOMP
CS3
D0L
DCCCD
DIK
DNJUQ
DOOOF
DU5
DWIUU
E3Z
EBS
F5P
FRP
GX1
HH5
HYE
JAAYA
JBMMH
JENOY
JHFFW
JKQEH
JLS
JLXEF
JPM
JSG
JST
KQ8
L7B
LU7
N9A
N~3
O9-
OK1
PNE
PQQKQ
R.V
RHF
RHI
RNA
RNS
RPM
RXW
SA0
SJN
TAE
TN5
UKR
VQA
W8F
WH7
WOQ
WOW
X7M
XSW
Y6R
YBH
YKV
YSK
ZA5
ZCA
~02
~KM
ADACV
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
H13
IPSME
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c481t-25cf5db7aaef832396801a46893edcd3c6367c9cbde8c60906d3e133367891d13
IEDL.DBID RPM
ISSN 0027-8424
IngestDate Tue Sep 17 21:11:08 EDT 2024
Fri Oct 25 07:33:35 EDT 2024
Fri Aug 23 01:31:51 EDT 2024
Sat Sep 28 08:23:07 EDT 2024
Fri Feb 02 07:18:22 EST 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 52
Keywords COVID-19
human mobility
mobile phones
Language English
License Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.
This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c481t-25cf5db7aaef832396801a46893edcd3c6367c9cbde8c60906d3e133367891d13
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
Edited by Nils Chr. Stenseth, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and approved October 20, 2020 (received for review June 26, 2020)
Author contributions: F.S., B.F.M., and D.B. designed research; F.S. and B.F.M. performed research; F.S., B.F.M., O.J., D.H., and A.Z. analyzed data; and F.S., B.F.M., and D.B. wrote the paper.
ORCID 0000-0001-5708-2922
0000-0001-9780-4651
0000-0002-7435-2119
0000-0003-1649-4300
0000-0001-8525-5907
0000-0001-7414-8823
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7776901/
PMID 33273120
PQID 2467613147
PQPubID 23479
PageCount 8
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7776901
proquest_miscellaneous_2467613147
crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2012326117
pubmed_primary_33273120
jstor_primary_27006508
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2020-12-29
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2020-12-29
PublicationDate_xml – month: 12
  year: 2020
  text: 2020-12-29
  day: 29
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace United States
PublicationPlace_xml – name: United States
PublicationSeriesTitle From the Cover
PublicationTitle Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS
PublicationTitleAlternate Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher National Academy of Sciences
Publisher_xml – name: National Academy of Sciences
References 33318129 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Jan 7;118(1)
e_1_3_4_3_2
e_1_3_4_2_2
e_1_3_4_1_2
e_1_3_4_9_2
e_1_3_4_8_2
Ray C. (e_1_3_4_30_2) 1997; 78
e_1_3_4_7_2
e_1_3_4_6_2
e_1_3_4_40_2
e_1_3_4_5_2
e_1_3_4_4_2
e_1_3_4_22_2
e_1_3_4_23_2
e_1_3_4_20_2
e_1_3_4_21_2
e_1_3_4_26_2
e_1_3_4_27_2
e_1_3_4_24_2
e_1_3_4_25_2
e_1_3_4_28_2
e_1_3_4_29_2
Keeling M. J. (e_1_3_4_31_2) 2011
e_1_3_4_11_2
e_1_3_4_34_2
e_1_3_4_12_2
e_1_3_4_33_2
Maier B. F. (e_1_3_4_18_2) 2020; 4557
e_1_3_4_32_2
e_1_3_4_10_2
e_1_3_4_15_2
e_1_3_4_38_2
e_1_3_4_16_2
e_1_3_4_37_2
e_1_3_4_13_2
e_1_3_4_36_2
e_1_3_4_14_2
e_1_3_4_35_2
e_1_3_4_19_2
e_1_3_4_17_2
e_1_3_4_39_2
References_xml – ident: e_1_3_4_12_2
– ident: e_1_3_4_14_2
  doi: 10.1126/science.abb9789
– volume-title: Modeling Infectious Diseases
  year: 2011
  ident: e_1_3_4_31_2
  contributor:
    fullname: Keeling M. J.
– ident: e_1_3_4_9_2
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241468
– ident: e_1_3_4_37_2
  doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1
– ident: e_1_3_4_35_2
  doi: 10.3961/jpmph.20.076
– ident: e_1_3_4_20_2
  doi: 10.1126/science.aba9757
– ident: e_1_3_4_6_2
– ident: e_1_3_4_13_2
  doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2405-7
– ident: e_1_3_4_15_2
  doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75033-5
– ident: e_1_3_4_21_2
  doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92399-2
– ident: e_1_3_4_17_2
  doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2284-y
– ident: e_1_3_4_10_2
  doi: 10.1038/s41597-020-00575-2
– ident: e_1_3_4_25_2
– ident: e_1_3_4_19_2
  doi: 10.1101/2020.03.21.20040022
– ident: e_1_3_4_23_2
  doi: 10.1126/science.1245200
– volume: 78
  start-page: 2270
  year: 1997
  ident: e_1_3_4_30_2
  article-title: Metapopulation biology: Ecology, genetics, and evolution
  publication-title: Ecology
  doi: 10.2307/2265966
  contributor:
    fullname: Ray C.
– ident: e_1_3_4_34_2
  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.76.026107
– ident: e_1_3_4_3_2
  doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0766-9
– ident: e_1_3_4_32_2
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003716
– ident: e_1_3_4_26_2
  doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.87.925
– ident: e_1_3_4_8_2
– ident: e_1_3_4_28_2
  doi: 10.1016/j.physrep.2010.11.002
– ident: e_1_3_4_5_2
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
– ident: e_1_3_4_39_2
– volume: 4557
  start-page: eabb4557
  year: 2020
  ident: e_1_3_4_18_2
  article-title: Effective containment explains subexponential growth in recent confirmed COVID-19 cases in China
  publication-title: Science
  contributor:
    fullname: Maier B. F.
– ident: e_1_3_4_27_2
  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.016128
– ident: e_1_3_4_2_2
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
– ident: e_1_3_4_22_2
  doi: 10.1038/30918
– ident: e_1_3_4_29_2
  doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.60.R6263
– ident: e_1_3_4_1_2
  doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa020
– ident: e_1_3_4_4_2
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30679-6
– ident: e_1_3_4_24_2
– ident: e_1_3_4_33_2
  doi: 10.1007/BF01386390
– ident: e_1_3_4_36_2
  doi: 10.3390/jcm9040967
– ident: e_1_3_4_40_2
– ident: e_1_3_4_7_2
  doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abc0764
– ident: e_1_3_4_16_2
  doi: 10.1101/2020.05.04.20090639
– ident: e_1_3_4_11_2
  doi: 10.1145/3404820.3404824
– ident: e_1_3_4_38_2
SSID ssj0009580
Score 2.7166293
Snippet In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic many countries implemented containment measures to reduce disease transmission. Studies using digital data sources show...
Significance During the COVID-19 pandemic, mobility restrictions have proved to be an effective mitigation strategy in many countries. To apply these measures...
During the COVID-19 pandemic, mobility restrictions have proved to be an effective mitigation strategy in many countries. To apply these measures more...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
crossref
pubmed
jstor
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 32883
SubjectTerms Cell Phone
COVID-19 - prevention & control
Germany
Humans
Pandemics
Physical Sciences
Quarantine
Social Sciences
Spatial Analysis
Travel - statistics & numerical data
Title COVID-19 lockdown induces disease-mitigating structural changes in mobility networks
URI https://www.jstor.org/stable/27006508
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33273120
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2467613147
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7776901
Volume 117
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LTxsxEB4Bp14q0paS8pAr9QAHk3jttddHlIKgFYUDIG4rvwIRjRMpcODfM17vpoA49bo7I-3OjD3fyONvAH4U0g-rMSsps9ZQIYynljlHDaYKr3woM4Hp2R95ciV-3ZQ3K1B2d2Gapn1nJwfx7_QgTu6a3sr51A26PrHBxdlIKZXmKA1WYRUDtCvRl0y7Vb53UuD2KwrR8fkoPphHkxi6E4qQjKX5e5xj-mZp2PeLrJQbE9-DnG87J1-kouN1-NhiSHKYv7UHKyF-gl67Shdkr6WS3v8Ml6Pz69OflGmCOeveY8VNsAZ_TFLtyQydTjLLRrwlmUs28XCQfB94gdJkOmv6Z59IzB3jiy9wdXx0OTqh7RwF6kTFHmhRunHprTImjHEBcy0xLRkhEargn3juJJfKaWd9qJwc6qH0PGDtik8rzTzjG7AWZzFsArFOajMsrbS-FMIbG6yuKhEs4j4RjO7DXmfHep7pMurmmFvxOlm__mf9Pmw0dl7KpSPwhBf78L0zfI2xng4wTAyzR1TGXR3hBxOo_DU7YqndebIP6pWLlgKJR_v1Gwyvhk-7Dadv_625BR-KVIazghZ6G9bQW2EHscqD3UWUfvp7t4nQZ6cr6gc
link.rule.ids 230,315,730,783,787,888,27936,27937,53804,53806
linkProvider National Library of Medicine
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Nc9MwEN0p5QCXQoFC-BQzHMpBiWXJknVkAp0UmsIh7fTm0Vcg08bJTJID_HpWlh3aDhe4WrsH-1na3dmntwDvcumzcsoKyqw1VAjjqWXOUYOhwisfiiRgOj6VozPx-aK42IGiuwvTkPadnfXrq3m_nv1ouJXLuRt0PLHBt_FQKRXnKA3uwF3cr5noivSt1m6Zbp7keACLXHSKPooPlrWJGt0xj5CMxQl8nGMAZ3Hc97W4lKiJf0s6b3MnrwWjowdw3r1G4qBc9jdr23e_bik8_vN7PoS9Nj0lH9LyPuyE-hHstwfAihy2KtXvH8Nk-PX8-CNlmmA4vPRYzBMs7zfRqm360PksCXjU30mSqY0SHyRdNV6hNZkvGmruT1InMvrqCZwdfZoMR7Qd0UCdKNma5oWbFt4qY8IUzwauJUY8IyRmQfiJPHeSS-W0sz6UTmY6k54HLIvxaamZZ_wAdutFHZ4BsU5qkxVWWl8I4Y0NVpelCBZTShGM7sFhB1C1TEocVdNBV7yKsFZ_YO3BQQPg1i5212Mq2oO3HaIVbqPYGzF1WGzQGQMGZjZMoPPThPDWu_tFeqBuYL81iBLdN1cQ0Uaqu0Xw-X97voF7o8n4pDo5Pv3yAu7nsdpnOc31S9hF5MIrTInW9nWzAX4D-zYLGA
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Nb9QwEB1BkRAXoEBh-TQSh3LwJo4dJz6iLasWaOmhRRWXyF8Lq7LelXb3AL-ecZws24pTr8nMwXmx541m_AbgXSFdXk9YSZkxmgqhHTXMWqoxVLjK-TIJmB6fyMNz8emivNga9dU27VszHYZfs2GY_mx7Kxczm_V9Ytnp8aiqqjhHKVu4SXYb7uCezWWfqG_0dut0-6TAQ1gUolf1qXi2CDrqdEcuIRmLU_g4xyDO4sjvrdiU2hP_Rzyv909uBaTxA_jeLyX1oVwO1ysztH-uqTzeaK0P4X5HU8mHZLILt3x4BLvdQbAk-51a9fvHcDb6-u3ogDJFMCxeOkzqCab562jVFX_obJqEPMIPkuRqo9QHSVeOl2hNZvO2Rfc3CakpffkEzscfz0aHtBvVQK2o2YoWpZ2UzlRa-wmeEVxJjHxaSGRD-Jkct5LLyiprnK-tzFUuHfeYHuPTWjHH-B7shHnwz4AYK5XOSyONK4Vw2nij6lp4g9RSeK0GsN-D1CySIkfTVtIr3kRom3_QDmCvBXFjF6vskZIO4G2PaoPbKdZIdPDzNTpj4ECGwwQ6P00ob7z732QA1RX8NwZRqvvqG0S1lezuUHx-Y883cPf0YNx8OTr5_ALuFTHpZwUt1EvYQeD8K2RGK_O63QN_AV5WDZg
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=COVID-19+lockdown+induces+disease-mitigating+structural+changes+in+mobility+networks&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+-+PNAS&rft.au=Schlosser%2C+Frank&rft.au=Maier%2C+Benjamin+F.&rft.au=Jack%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Hinrichs%2C+David&rft.date=2020-12-29&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.eissn=1091-6490&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=52&rft.spage=32883&rft.epage=32890&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.2012326117&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1073_pnas_2012326117
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0027-8424&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0027-8424&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0027-8424&client=summon