The differential effects of statins on the metastatic behaviour of prostate cancer

• Published in: British journal of cancer Vol. 106; no. 10; pp. 1689 - 1696
• Main Authors: Brown, M, Hart, C, Tawadros, T, Ramani, V, Sangar, V, Lau, M, Clarke, N
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 08.05.2012; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 631/92/436/2388; 692/698/233/1343; 692/699/67/322; 692/699/67/589/466; Biological and medical sciences; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Bone marrow; Bone Marrow - pathology; Cancer Research; Cell culture; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement - drug effects; Drug Resistance; Epidemiology; Epithelial Cells - drug effects; Epithelial Cells - physiology; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors - pharmacology; Male; Medical research; Medical sciences; Men; Metabolism; Metabolites; Metastasis; Molecular Diagnostics; Molecular Medicine; Mortality; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Metastasis - prevention & control; Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases; Oncology; Polyisoprenyl Phosphates - antagonists & inhibitors; Prostate cancer; Prostatic Neoplasms - pathology; Statins; Tumors; Tumors of the urinary system; Urinary tract. Prostate gland; Urology; United Kingdom > UK; prostate cancer; bone marrow stroma; metastasis; statins; Urinary system disease; Prostate disease; Stroma; Statin derivative; Malignant tumor; Metastasis; Cancerology; Bone marrow; Advanced stage; Male genital diseases; Prostate cancer; Cancer
• ISSN: 0007-0920; 1532-1827
• DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.138

Background: Although statins do not affect the incidence of prostate cancer (CaP), usage reduces the risk of clinical progression and mortality. Although statins are known to downregulate the mevalonate pathway, the mechanism by which statins reduce CaP progression is unknown. Methods: Bone marrow stroma (BMS) was isolated with ethical approval from consenting patients undergoing surgery for non-malignant disease. PC-3 binding, invasion and colony formation within BMS was assessed by standardised in vitro co-culture assays in the presence of different statins. Results: Statins act directly on PC-3 cells with atorvastatin, mevastatin, simvastatin (1  μ M ) and rosuvastatin (5  μ M ), but not pravastatin, significantly reducing invasion towards BMS by an average of 66.68% (range 53.93–77.04%; P <0.05) and significantly reducing both number (76.2±8.29 vs 122.9±2.48; P =0.0055) and size (0.2±0.0058 mm 2 vs 0.27±0.012 mm 2 ; P =0.0019) of colonies formed within BMS. Statin-treated colonies displayed a more compact morphology containing cells of a more epithelial phenotype, indicative of a reduction in the migrational ability of PC-3 cells. Normal PC-3 phenotype and invasive ability was recovered by the addition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). Conclusion: Lipophilic statins reduce the migration and colony formation of PC-3 cells in human BMS by inhibiting GGPP production, reducing the formation and the spread of metastatic prostate colonies.