Using in situ voltammetry as a tool to identify and characterize habitats of iron-oxidizing bacteria: from fresh water wetlands to hydrothermal vent sites

• Published in: Environmental science--processes & impacts Vol. 16; no. 9; pp. 2117 - 2126
• Main Authors: MacDonald, Daniel J, Findlay, Alyssa J, McAllister, Sean M, Barnett, Josh M, Hredzak-Showalter, Patricia, Krepski, Sean T, Cone, Shane G, Scott, Jarrod, Bennett, Sarah K, Chan, Clara S, Emerson, David, Luther III, George W
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England 01.01.2014
• Subjects: Bacteria - genetics; Bacteria - isolation & purification; Bacteria - metabolism; Bays - microbiology; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Fresh Water - microbiology; Glass; Gold; Hydrogen Sulfide - analysis; Hydrothermal Vents - microbiology; Iron - analysis; Iron - metabolism; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen - analysis; RNA, Bacterial - genetics; RNA, Ribosomal - genetics; Salinity; Water Microbiology; Wetlands
• ISSN: 2050-7887; 2050-7895
• DOI: 10.1039/c4em00073k

Iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) likely play a large role in the biogeochemistry of iron, making the detection and understanding of the biogeochemical processes FeOB are involved in of critical importance. By deploying our in situ voltammetry system, we are able to measure a variety of redox species, specifically Fe( ii ) and O 2 , simultaneously. This technique provides significant advantages in both characterizing the environments in which microaerophilic FeOB are found, and finding diverse conditions in which FeOB could potentially thrive. Described here are four environments with different salinities [one fresh groundwater seep site, one beach-groundwater mixing site, one hydrothermal vent site (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), and one estuary (Chesapeake Bay)] where in situ voltammetry was deployed, and where the presence of FeOB were confirmed by either culturing methods or molecular data. The sites varied in both O 2 and Fe( ii ) content with O 2 ranging from below the 3 μM detection limit of the electrodes at the Chesapeake Bay suboxic zone, to as high 150 μM O 2 at the vent site. In addition, a range of Fe( ii ) concentrations supported FeOB communities, from 3 μM Fe( ii ) in the Chesapeake Bay to 300 μM in the beach aquifer. In situ electrochemistry provides the means to quickly measure these redox gradients at appropriate resolution, making it possible in real time to detect niches likely inhabited by microaerophilic FeOB, then accurately sample for proof of FeOB presence and activity. This study demonstrates the utility of this approach while also greatly expanding our knowledge of FeOB habitats. In situ voltammetry used for chemical analysis of a variety of freshwater and marine habitats for Fe( ii ) oxidizing bacteria.