Keratin: dissolution, extraction and biomedical application
Keratinous materials such as wool, feathers and hooves are tough unique biological co-products that usually have high sulfur and protein contents. A high cystine content (7-13%) differentiates keratins from other structural proteins, such as collagen and elastin. Dissolution and extraction of kerati...
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| Published in | Biomaterials science Vol. 5; no. 9; pp. 1699 - 1735 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
22.08.2017
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Keratinous materials such as wool, feathers and hooves are tough unique biological co-products that usually have high sulfur and protein contents. A high cystine content (7-13%) differentiates keratins from other structural proteins, such as collagen and elastin. Dissolution and extraction of keratin is a difficult process compared to other natural polymers, such as chitosan, starch, collagen, and a large-scale use of keratin depends on employing a relatively fast, cost-effective and time efficient extraction method. Keratin has some inherent ability to facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and regeneration of the tissue, therefore keratin biomaterials can provide a biocompatible matrix for regrowth and regeneration of the defective tissue. Additionally, due to its amino acid constituents, keratin can be tailored and finely tuned to meet the exact requirement of degradation, drug release or incorporation of different hydrophobic or hydrophilic tails. This review discusses the various methods available for the dissolution and extraction of keratin with emphasis on their advantages and limitations. The impacts of various methods and chemicals used on the structure and the properties of keratin are discussed with the aim of highlighting options available toward commercial keratin production. This review also reports the properties of various keratin-based biomaterials and critically examines how these materials are influenced by the keratin extraction procedure, discussing the features that make them effective as biomedical applications, as well as some of the mechanisms of action and physiological roles of keratin. Particular attention is given to the practical application of keratin biomaterials, namely addressing the advantages and limitations on the use of keratin films, 3D composite scaffolds and keratin hydrogels for tissue engineering, wound healing, hemostatic and controlled drug release.
A comprehensive review that compared the properties of keratin extracted by different extraction methods and investigated keratin suitability for biomedical applications. |
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| Bibliography: | Amin Shavandi is a Postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for Materials Science and Technology at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. He received a master's degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Putra Malaysia and obtained his Ph.D. in Medicine/Food Science from the University of Otago. His current research interest includes extraction and characterization of natural polymers, development of biomaterials based on natural materials and application of marine-derived polymers for biomaterial application. Adnan A. Bekhit obtained his PhD in Pharmaceutical Chemistry (1993) from the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria (UoA), Egypt. He is currently a professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry at UoA and a visiting professor at Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan. His research focuses on the synthesis and evaluation of new compounds as well as the analysis of pharmaceutical, environmental and food compounds. Over the last 30 years, he has been involved in vigorous drug development programs aimed at the synthesis of anti-inflammatory-antimicrobial, anticancer, antimalarial, and antileishmanial compounds, and HIV protease and MAO inhibitors and other bioactive agents. Also, his research focuses on drug delivery systems using functional biomaterials. Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit received his MSc (1994) from the School of Chemistry, Food & Pharmacy, at the University of Reading, UK. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biochemistry (2004) from Lincoln University. He is currently a senior lecturer at the Food Science department, Sciences Division at the University of Otago, an adjunct senior lecturer at Lincoln University and a distinguished professor at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Xinjiang Agricultural University. His research includes bioprocessing of waste materials and generation of functional biomaterials. Tiago H. Silva, PhD (male, born: 1979), is an Assistant Researcher at 3B's Research Group, being coordinator of the Marine Inspired Biomaterials research area. He graduated in Chemistry (2001) and PhD in Chemistry (2006), both at the Faculty of Sciences - University of Porto (Portugal) and was a visiting researcher at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL, Switzerland) in 2003. He has more than 11 years of experience in the valorization of marine resources and development of marine inspired biomaterials for biomedical applications, namely tissue engineering, and about 15 years of experience in surface modification and electrostatic self-assembly of polyelectrolytes, with applications in (bio)sensors and nanomedicine. ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 |
| ISSN: | 2047-4830 2047-4849 |
| DOI: | 10.1039/c7bm00411g |