Endothelial Dysfunction, Inflammation and Coronary Artery Disease: Potential Biomarkers and Promising Therapeutical Approaches

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 22; no. 8; p. 3850
• Main Authors: Medina-Leyte, Diana Jhoseline, Zepeda-García, Oscar, Domínguez-Pérez, Mayra, González-Garrido, Antonia, Villarreal-Molina, Teresa, Jacobo-Albavera, Leonor
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 08.04.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Animals; Anticoagulants; Atherosclerosis; Autophagy; Binding sites; Bioavailability; Biomarkers; Capillary Permeability; Cardiovascular disease; Coronary Artery Disease - drug therapy; Coronary Artery Disease - etiology; Coronary Artery Disease - metabolism; Coronary Artery Disease - physiopathology; Coronary vessels; Cytokines; Disease Management; Disease prevention; Disease Susceptibility; Endothelium; Endothelium, Vascular - metabolism; Endothelium, Vascular - physiopathology; Hemostasis; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; Molecular Targeted Therapy - methods; Oxidative stress; Pathogenesis; Pathophysiology; Proteins; Review; Risk factors; Shear stress; Thrombosis; Vasculitis - drug therapy; Vasculitis - etiology; Vasculitis - metabolism; Vasculitis - physiopathology; atherosclerosis; endothelial cells (EC); coronary artery disease (CAD); endothelium; therapeutics; inflammation; novel biomarkers; endothelial dysfunction
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083850

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and its complications are the leading cause of death worldwide. Inflammatory activation and dysfunction of the endothelium are key events in the development and pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and are associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular events. There is great interest to further understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis progression, and to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to prevent endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and to reduce the risk of developing CAD and its complications. The use of liquid biopsies and new molecular biology techniques have allowed the identification of a growing list of molecular and cellular markers of endothelial dysfunction, which have provided insight on the molecular basis of atherosclerosis and are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the prevention and or treatment of atherosclerosis and CAD. This review describes recent information on normal vascular endothelium function, as well as traditional and novel potential biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies aimed to protect the endothelium or reverse endothelial damage, as a preventive treatment for CAD and related complications.