Biomarker-Oriented Therapy in Bladder and Renal Cancer

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 22; no. 6; p. 2832
• Main Authors: Scholtes, Mathijs P, Alberts, Arnout R, Iflé, Iris G, Verhagen, Paul C M S, van der Veldt, Astrid A M, Zuiverloon, Tahlita C M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 11.03.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Antibodies, Monoclonal - therapeutic use; Antineoplastic Agents - therapeutic use; Apoptosis; B7-H1 Antigen - antagonists & inhibitors; B7-H1 Antigen - genetics; B7-H1 Antigen - immunology; biomarker guided therapy; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor - genetics; Biomarkers, Tumor - immunology; Bladder cancer; Cancer therapies; Carcinoma, Renal Cell - drug therapy; Carcinoma, Renal Cell - genetics; Carcinoma, Renal Cell - immunology; Carcinoma, Renal Cell - pathology; Chemotherapy; Cisplatin; Cisplatin - therapeutic use; Clinical trials; Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA; FDA approval; Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2; Fibroblast growth factor receptors; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Genes; Genomics; Growth factors; Humans; Immune checkpoint; immune checkpoint inhibitor; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Invasiveness; Kidney cancer; Kidney Neoplasms - drug therapy; Kidney Neoplasms - genetics; Kidney Neoplasms - immunology; Kidney Neoplasms - pathology; Lymphatic Metastasis; Medical prognosis; Metastases; Metastasis; Methyl isobutyl carbinol; Muscles; Mutation; Patients; PD-L1 protein; Platinum; Protein Kinase Inhibitors - therapeutic use; Protein-tyrosine kinase; Pyrazoles - therapeutic use; Quinoxalines - therapeutic use; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 - antagonists & inhibitors; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 - genetics; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 - immunology; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3 - antagonists & inhibitors; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3 - genetics; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3 - immunology; Recurrence; renal cancer; Renal cell carcinoma; Review; targeted therapy; Tumors; Tyrosine; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - drug therapy; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - genetics; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - immunology; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - pathology; Urothelial carcinoma; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors; targeted therapy; renal cancer; immune checkpoint inhibitor; biomarker guided therapy; bladder cancer
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062832

Treatment of patients with urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder or renal cancer has changed significantly during recent years and efforts towards biomarker-directed therapy are being investigated. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) or fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) directed therapy are being evaluated for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients, as well as muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients. Meanwhile, efforts to predict tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) are still ongoing, and genomic biomarkers are being evaluated in prospective clinical trials. Currently, patients with metastatic UC (mUC) are usually treated with second-line ICI, while cisplatin-ineligible patients with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) positive tumors can benefit from first-line ICI. Platinum-relapsed UC patients harboring FGFR2/3 mutations can be treated with erdafitinib, while enfortumab vedotin has emerged as a novel third-line treatment option for mUC. In metastatic (clear cell) renal cell carcinoma (RCC), ICI was first introduced as second-line treatment after vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibition (VEGFR-TKI). Currently, ICIs have also been introduced as first-line treatment in metastatic RCC. Although there is no evidence up to now for beneficial adjuvant treatment after surgery with VEGFR-TKIs in high-risk non-metastatic RCC, several trials are underway investigating the potential beneficial effect of ICIs in this setting.