Metabolic Spectrum of Liver Failure in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: From NAFLD to NASH to HCC

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 22; no. 9; p. 4495
• Main Authors: Kim, Hyunmi, Lee, Da Som, An, Tae Hyeon, Park, Hyun-Ju, Kim, Won Kon, Bae, Kwang-Hee, Oh, Kyoung-Jin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 26.04.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: adipokines; Adipokines - metabolism; Apoptosis; Biological activity; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - physiopathology; Cell cycle; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - metabolism; Disease Progression; Drug development; Drugs; Fatty acids; Fatty liver; Health services; Hepatocellular carcinoma; hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); Humans; Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Lipid peroxidation; Lipids; Liver; Liver - metabolism; Liver - pathology; Liver cancer; Liver Cirrhosis - physiopathology; Liver diseases; Liver Failure; Liver Neoplasms - physiopathology; Metabolic Syndrome - physiopathology; Metabolism; Mitochondrial DNA; non-alcholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - diagnosis; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - metabolism; non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); Obesity; Obesity - complications; Obesity - metabolism; Oxidative stress; Pathogenesis; Permeability; Proteins; Review; Steatosis; Therapeutic targets; Thiazolidinediones; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; type 2 diabetes; hepatokines; type 2 diabetes; non-alcholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); adipokines; obesity
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094495

Liver disease is the spectrum of liver damage ranging from simple steatosis called as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Clinically, NAFLD and type 2 diabetes coexist. Type 2 diabetes contributes to biological processes driving the severity of NAFLD, the primary cause for development of chronic liver diseases. In the last 20 years, the rate of non-viral NAFLD/NASH-derived HCC has been increasing rapidly. As there are currently no suitable drugs for treatment of NAFLD and NASH, a class of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is sometimes used to improve liver failure despite the risk of side effects. Therefore, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the development and progression of NAFLD and NASH are important issues. In this review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and NAFLD/NASH-derived HCC and the current promising pharmacological therapies of NAFLD/NASH. Further, we will provide insights into "adipose-derived adipokines" and "liver-derived hepatokines" as diagnostic and therapeutic targets from NAFLD to HCC.