Illuminating the dark conformational space of macrocycles using dominant rotors

• Published in: Nature chemistry Vol. 13; no. 3; pp. 218 - 225
• Main Authors: Diaz, Diego B., Appavoo, Solomon D., Bogdanchikova, Anastasia F., Lebedev, Yury, McTiernan, Timothy J., dos Passos Gomes, Gabriel, Yudin, Andrei K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.03.2021; NATURE PORTFOLIO; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 639/638/403/933; 639/638/92/611; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino acids; Analytical Chemistry; Biochemistry; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry/Food Science; Conformation; Crystallography; Crystallography, X-Ray; Density Functional Theory; Energy; Inorganic Chemistry; Macrocyclic Compounds - chemistry; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; NMR; NMR spectroscopy; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Organic Chemistry; Peptides; Peptides, Cyclic - chemical synthesis; Peptides, Cyclic - chemistry; Physical Chemistry; Physical Sciences; Protein Conformation; Proteins; Room temperature; Rotors; Science & Technology; Thermal energy; Thermodynamics; X-ray crystallography; TURN STRUCTURE; DESIGN; ACID; PEPTIDES; DYNAMICS; CLASSIFICATION; BARRIERS; ATROPISOMERISM; PROTEINS; DISCOVERY
• ISSN: 1755-4330; 1755-4349; 1755-4349
• DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00620-y

Three-dimensional conformation is the primary determinant of molecular properties. The thermal energy available at room temperature typically equilibrates the accessible conformational states. Here, we introduce a method for isolating unique and previously understudied conformations of macrocycles. The observation of unusual conformations of 16- to 22-membered rings has been made possible by controlling their interconversion using dominant rotors, which represent tunable atropisomeric constituents with relatively high rotational barriers. Density functional theory and in situ NMR measurements suggest that dominant rotor candidates for the amino-acid-based structures considered here should possess a rotational energy barrier of at least 25 kcal mol −1 . Notable differences in the geometries of the macrocycle conformations were identified by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. There is evidence that amino acid residues can be forced into rare turn motifs not observed in the corresponding linear counterparts and homodetic rings. These findings should unlock new avenues for studying the conformation–activity relationships of bioactive molecules. Constrained molecules typically adopt one major conformation and this limitation prevents the study of other energetically less-favourable conformations. Nevertheless, these alternate structures might prove to be useful and it has now been shown that a dominant rotor method can alter the energetic landscape of peptides to create two-well systems with distinct conformational behaviour.