Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 22; no. 2; p. 660
• Main Authors: Aguilar-Ballester, María, Hurtado-Genovés, Gema, Taberner-Cortés, Alida, Herrero-Cervera, Andrea, Martínez-Hervás, Sergio, González-Navarro, Herminia
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 11.01.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Adipocytes; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Bioavailability; Biomarkers; cardiometabolic risk; Cardiomyocytes; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology; Cardiovascular Diseases - metabolism; Cardiovascular Diseases - therapy; Cell growth; Cholesterol; Clinical Studies as Topic; Clinical trials; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - metabolism; dipeptidyl peptidase 4; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Drug Design; Drug Development; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Dyslipidemia; Dyslipidemias - complications; Dyslipidemias - metabolism; Glucagon; Glucose; Glucose transporter; Health services; Hormones; Humans; Hypertension; Hypoglycemia; incretin system; Incretins - metabolism; Inflammation; Insulin; Insulin resistance; Kexin; Kinases; Lipid Metabolism - drug effects; Lipids; Low density lipoprotein; Lymphocytes; Metabolic disorders; Molecular modelling; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Nervous system; Peptides; Plaques; Proprotein Convertase 9 - antagonists & inhibitors; proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9; Proprotein convertases; Review; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Risk management; Small intestine; sodium-glucose-co-transporter 2 inhibitors; Subtilisin; cardiometabolic risk; dipeptidyl peptidase 4; proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9; sodium-glucose-co-transporter 2 inhibitors; incretin system
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020660

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is the clinical manifestation of the atherosclerosis. Elevated LDL-cholesterol levels are the first line of therapy but the increasing prevalence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has positioned the cardiometabolic risk as the most relevant parameter for treatment. Therefore, the control of this risk, characterized by dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance, has become a major goal in many experimental and clinical studies in the context of CVD. In the present review, we summarized experimental studies and clinical trials of recent anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering therapies targeted to reduce CVD. Specifically, incretin-based therapies, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 inactivating therapies are described. Moreover, the novel molecular mechanisms explaining the CVD protection of the drugs reviewed here indicate major effects on vascular cells, inflammatory cells, and cardiomyocytes, beyond their expected anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering control. The revealed key mechanism is a prevention of acute cardiovascular events by restraining atherosclerosis at early stages, with decreased leukocyte adhesion, recruitment, and foam cell formation, and increased plaque stability and diminished necrotic core in advanced plaques. These emergent cardiometabolic therapies have a promising future to reduce CVD burden.