Adipogenesis: A Necessary but Harmful Strategy

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 20; no. 15; p. 3657
• Main Authors: Hafidi, Mohammed El, Buelna-Chontal, Mabel, Sánchez-Muñoz, Fausto, Carbó, Roxana
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 26.07.2019; MDPI
• Subjects: Adipocytes; Adipocytes - metabolism; Adipogenesis - physiology; Adipose Tissue - cytology; Adipose Tissue - immunology; Adipose Tissue - metabolism; Angiogenesis; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; Cytokines; Disease Susceptibility; Energy; Energy Metabolism; Fatty acids; Food; Glucose; Humans; Insulin resistance; Lipids; Lipogenesis; Metabolism; Metabolites; Obesity; Panniculitis - etiology; Panniculitis - metabolism; Panniculitis - pathology; Physiology; Proteins; Review; Thermogenesis; Weight control; hypoxia; brown adipose tissue (BAT); inflammation; white adipose tissue (WAT); angiogenesis; Krüppel-like factors (KLFs); adipose tissue; lipogenesis; micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs); lipolysis; circadian clock
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153657

Obesity is considered to significantly increase the risk of the development of a vast range of metabolic diseases. However, adipogenesis is a complex physiological process, necessary to sequester lipids effectively to avoid lipotoxicity in other tissues, like the liver, heart, muscle, essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and has a crucial role as a component of the innate immune system, far beyond than only being an inert mass of energy storage. In pathophysiological conditions, adipogenesis promotes a pro-inflammatory state, angiogenesis and the release of adipokines, which become dangerous to health. It results in a hypoxic state, causing oxidative stress and the synthesis and release of harmful free fatty acids. In this review, we try to explain the mechanisms occurring at the breaking point, at which adipogenesis leads to an uncontrolled lipotoxicity. This review highlights the types of adipose tissue and their functions, their way of storing lipids until a critical point, which is associated with hypoxia, inflammation, insulin resistance as well as lipodystrophy and adipogenesis modulation by Krüppel-like factors and miRNAs.