Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococci Isolated from Retail Meats in the United States, 2002 to 2014

• Published in: Applied and environmental microbiology Vol. 84; no. 1
• Main Authors: Tyson, Gregory H, Nyirabahizi, Epiphanie, Crarey, Emily, Kabera, Claudine, Lam, Claudia, Rice-Trujillo, Crystal, McDermott, Patrick F, Tate, Heather
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Society for Microbiology 01.01.2018
• Subjects: Animal production; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Antibiotics; Antiinfectives and antibacterials; Antimicrobial agents; Antimicrobial resistance; Bacteria; Cattle; Chickens; Commodities; Drug resistance; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drugs; Enterococcus - drug effects; Enterococcus - isolation & purification; Erythromycin; Fecal coliforms; Food contamination; Food contamination & poisoning; Food Microbiology; Food production; Gentamicin; Linezolid; Meat; Meat - microbiology; Penicillin; Pork; Reference Values; Retailing industry; Sus scrofa; Test procedures; Tigecycline; Turkeys; United States; Vancomycin; United States > US; Enterococcus; antimicrobial resistance; retail meats
• ISSN: 0099-2240; 1098-5336
• DOI: 10.1128/aem.01902-17

Bacteria of the genus are important human pathogens that are frequently resistant to a number of clinically important antibiotics. They are also used as markers of animal fecal contamination of human foods and are employed as sentinel organisms for tracking trends in resistance to antimicrobials with Gram-positive activity. As part of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS), we evaluated several retail meat commodities for the presence of enterococci from 2002 to 2014, and we found 92.0% to be contaminated. The majority of isolates were either (64.0%) or (28.6%), and the antimicrobial resistance of each isolate was assessed by broth microdilution. The resistance prevalences for several drugs, including erythromycin and gentamicin, were significantly higher among poultry isolates, compared to retail beef or pork isolates. None of the isolates was resistant to the clinically important human drug vancomycin, only 1 isolate was resistant to linezolid, and resistance to tigecycline was below 1%. In contrast, a majority of both (67.5%) and (53.7%) isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Overall, the robust NARMS testing system employed consistent sampling practices and methods throughout the testing period, with the only significant trend in resistance prevalence being decreased resistance to penicillin. These data provide excellent baseline levels of resistance that can be used to measure future changes in resistance prevalence that may result from alterations in the use of antimicrobials in food animal production. Enterococci, including and , are present in the guts of food-producing animals and are used as a measure of fecal contamination of meat. We used the large consistent sampling methods of NARMS to assess the prevalence of strains isolated from retail meats, and we found over 90% of meats to be contaminated with enterococci. We also assessed the resistance of the strains, commonly used as a measure of resistance to agents with Gram-positive activity, in foods. Resistance prevalence was over 25% for some antimicrobials and sample sources but was less than 1% for several of the most important therapeutic agents used in human medicine.