Production of Biodiesel by Esterification of Free Fatty Acid over Solid Catalyst from Biomass Waste

Recently, low cost feedstocks have been utilized to replace vegetable oils in order to improve the economic feasibility of biodiesel. The esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) on Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) with methanol using solid catalyst generated from bagasse fly ash is a promising meth...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inIOP conference series. Materials Science and Engineering Vol. 358; no. 1; pp. 12005 - 12011
Main Authors Mukti, N. I. F., Sutrisno, B., Hidayat, A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Bristol IOP Publishing 01.05.2018
Subjects
Bagasse
Biodiesel fuels
Catalysts
Catalytic activity
Chemical analysis
Esterification
Fatty acids
Fluorescence
Fly ash
Fourier transforms
Functional groups
Infrared analysis
Infrared spectroscopy
Leaching
Methanol
Optimization
Palm oil
Titration
Vegetable oils
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Summary:Recently, low cost feedstocks have been utilized to replace vegetable oils in order to improve the economic feasibility of biodiesel. The esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) on Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) with methanol using solid catalyst generated from bagasse fly ash is a promising method to convert FFA into biodiesel. In this research, the esterification of FFA on PFAD using the sulfonated bagasse fly ash catalyst was studied. The performances of the catalysts were evaluated in terms of the reaction temperatures, the molar ratios of methanol to PFAD, and the catalyst loading. The effects of the mass ratio of catalyst to oil (1-10%), the molar ratio of methanol to oil (6:1-12:1), and the reaction temperature (40-60°C) were studied for the conversion of PFAD to optimize the reaction conditions. The results showed that the optimum conditions were methanol to PFAD molar ratio of 12:1, the amount of catalyst of 10%wt. of PFAD, and reaction temperature of 6°C. The reusability of the solid acid carbon catalysts was also studied in this work. The catalytic activity decreased up to 38% after third cycle. The significant decline in catalyst esterification activity was due to acid site leaching. The physico-characteristics and acid site densities were analyzed by Nitrogen gas adsorption, surface functional groups by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis using X-ray fluorescent (XRF), and acid-base back titration methods for determination of acid density.
ISSN:1757-8981
1757-899X
DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/358/1/012005