Ice shelf rift propagation: stability, three-dimensional effects, and the role of marginal weakening

• Published in: The cryosphere Vol. 14; no. 5; pp. 1673 - 1683
• Main Author: Lipovsky, Bradley Paul
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Katlenburg-Lindau Copernicus GmbH 27.05.2020; Copernicus Publications
• Subjects: Boundary conditions; Crack propagation; Dimensional analysis; Dimensional stability; Elasticity; First principles; Flexing; Floating ice; Fracture mechanics; Geometry; Glacier tongues; Hypotheses; Ice; Ice calving; Ice shelves; Iceberg calving; Icebergs; Land ice; Linear elastic fracture mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Mechanics; Propagation; Sea level; Sea level rise; Shear stress; Stability; Stabilizing; Stress propagation; Three dimensional analysis; Three dimensional models
• ISSN: 1994-0424; 1994-0416; 1994-0424; 1994-0416
• DOI: 10.5194/tc-14-1673-2020

Understanding the processes that govern ice shelf extent is important to improving estimates of future sea-level rise. In present-day Antarctica, ice shelf extent is most commonly determined by the propagation of through-cutting fractures called ice shelf rifts. Here, I present the first three-dimensional analysis of ice shelf rift propagation. I model rifts using the assumptions of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The model predicts that rifts may be stabilized (i.e., stop propagating) when buoyant flexure results in the partial contact of rift walls. This stabilizing tendency may be overcome, however, by processes that act in the ice shelf margins. In particular, loss of marginal strength, modeled as a transition from zero tangential displacement to zero tangential shear stress, is shown to favor rift propagation. Rift propagation may also be triggered if a rift is carried with the ice flow (i.e., advected) out of an embayment and into a floating ice tongue. I show that rift stability is closely related to the transition from uniaxial to biaxial extension known as the compressive arch. Although the partial contact of rift walls is fundamentally a three-dimensional process, I demonstrate that it may be parameterized within more numerically efficient two-dimensional calculations. This study constitutes a step towards a first-principle description of iceberg calving due to ice shelf rift propagation.