The effect of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation on the balance and neurophysiological characteristics of young healthy adults

• Published in: Wearable technologies Vol. 5; p. e3
• Main Authors: Omofuma, Isirame, Carrera, Robert, King-Ori, Jayson, Agrawal, Sunil K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Cambridge University Press 2024
• Subjects: Balance; cable driven devices; Electromyography; Experiments; Intervention; Muscles; Neurophysiology; Perturbation; Physical training; postural control; Recovery; Rehabilitation; rehabilitation robotics; Special Issue: Neuromodulation, Robotics and Wearable Technologies; Spinal cord; Stimulation; transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation; Virtual reality; Young adults; postural control; transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation; rehabilitation robotics; cable driven devices
• ISSN: 2631-7176; 2631-7176
• DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2023.24

Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (TSCS) is gaining popularity as a noninvasive alternative to epidural stimulation. However, there is still much to learn about its effects and utility in assisting recovery of motor control. In this study, we applied TSCS to healthy subjects concurrently performing a functional training task to study its effects during a training intervention. We first carried out neurophysiological tests to characterize the H-reflex, H-reflex recovery, and posterior root muscle reflex thresholds, and then conducted balance tests, first without TSCS and then with TSCS. Balance tests included trunk perturbations in forward, backward, left, and right directions, and subjects’ balance was characterized by their response to force perturbations. A balance training task involved the subjects playing a catch-and-throw game in virtual reality (VR) while receiving trunk perturbations and TSCS. Balance tests with and without TSCS were conducted after the VR training to measure subjects’ post-training balance characteristics and then neurophysiological tests were carried out again. Statistical comparisons using t-tests between the balance and neurophysiological data collected before and after the VR training intervention found that the immediate effect of TSCS was to increase muscle activity during forward perturbations and to reduce balance performance in that direction. Muscle activity decreased after training and even more once TSCS was turned off. We thus observed an interaction of effects where TSCS increased muscle activity while the physical training decreased it.