Role of Gas6 and TAM Receptors in the Identification of Cardiopulmonary Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis and Scleroderma Spectrum Disorders

• Published in: Disease markers Vol. 2020; pp. 1 - 8
• Main Authors: Bellan, Mattia, Dimagli, Arnaldo, Piccinino, Cristina, Giubertoni, Ailia, Ianniello, Aurora, Grimoldi, Federico, Sguazzotti, Maurizio, Nerviani, Alessandra, Barini, Michela, Carriero, Alessandro, Smirne, Carlo, Burlone, Michela Emma, Rigamonti, Cristina, Minisini, Rosalba, Salmi, Livia, Barbaglia, Matteo Nazzareno, Castello, Luigi Mario, Sola, Daniele, Marino, Paolo, Avanzi, Gian Carlo, Pirisi, Mario, Sainaghi, Pier Paolo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Hindawi 2020; John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Subjects: Aged; Autoimmune diseases; Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - blood; c-Mer Tyrosine Kinase - blood; c-Mer Tyrosine Kinase - genetics; Carbon monoxide; Comparative analysis; Complications; Computer software industry; Connective tissue diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disorders; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; Evaluation; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Pulmonary - blood; Hypertension, Pulmonary - complications; Hypertension, Pulmonary - diagnosis; Hypertension, Pulmonary - genetics; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - blood; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - genetics; Laboratories; Lung diseases; Lung Diseases, Interstitial - blood; Lung Diseases, Interstitial - complications; Lung Diseases, Interstitial - diagnosis; Lung Diseases, Interstitial - genetics; Male; Medical research; Medicine, Experimental; Middle Aged; Patients; Plasma; Proto-Oncogene Proteins - blood; Proto-Oncogene Proteins - genetics; Pulmonary arteries; Pulmonary hypertension; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases - blood; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases - genetics; Scleroderma; Scleroderma (Disease); Scleroderma, Systemic - blood; Scleroderma, Systemic - complications; Scleroderma, Systemic - diagnosis; Scleroderma, Systemic - genetics; Sensitivity; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index; Systemic scleroderma; Systemic sclerosis; United States; St Louis Missouri; United States > US
• ISSN: 0278-0240; 1875-8630; 1875-8630
• DOI: 10.1155/2020/2696173

Background. Few biomarkers are available for early identification of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) in systemic sclerosis (SS) and scleroderma spectrum disorders (SSD). Aims. To evaluate Gas6, sAxl, and sMer as biomarkers for cardiopulmonary complications of SS and SSD. Methods. In a cross-sectional observational study, we recruited 125 consecutive patients, affected by SS and SSD and referred to a tertiary-level pulmonary hypertension outpatient clinic. All patients underwent a comprehensive evaluation for identification of PAH and ILD. Gas6, sMer, and sAxl concentrations were measured with ELISA protocols, and concentrations were compared according to PAH or ILD. Results. Nineteen subjects had pulmonary hypertension (PH) (14 PAH), and 39 had ILD (6 severe). Plasma sMer was increased in PAH (18.6 ng/ml IQR [11.7-20.3]) with respect to the absence (12.4 [8.0-15.8]) or other form of pulmonary hypertension (9.6 [7.4-12.5]; K–W variance p<0.04). Conversely, Gas6 and sAxl levels were slightly increased in mild ILD (25.8 ng/ml [19.5-32.1] and 24.6 [20.1-32.5]) and reduced in severe ILD (16.6 [15.0-22.1] and 15.5 [14.9-22.4]) in comparison to no evidence of ILD (23.4 [18.8-28.1] and 21.6 [18.1-28.4]; K–W, p≤0.05). Plasma sMer≥19 ng/ml has 50% sensitivity and 92% specificity in PAH identification (area under the ROC curve (AUC) 0.697, p<0.03). Values of Gas6≤24.5 ng/ml and of sAxl≤15.5 ng/ml have 100% and 67% sensitivity and 47% and 86% specificity, respectively, in identifying severe ILD (Gas6 AUC 0.787, p<0.001; sAxl AUC 0.705, p<0.05). Conclusions. The assay of Gas6 sAxl and sMer may be useful to help in the identification of PAH and ILD in SS and SSD patients. The Gas6/TAM system seems to be relevant in cardiopulmonary complications of SS and SSD and merits further investigations.