Water ingress into and climate dependent lifetime of organic photovoltaic cells investigated by calcium corrosion tests

• Published in: Solar energy materials and solar cells Vol. 120; pp. 685 - 690
• Main Authors: Klumbies, Hannes, Karl, Markus, Hermenau, Martin, Rösch, Roland, Seeland, Marco, Hoppe, Harald, Müller-Meskamp, Lars, Leo, Karl
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 01.01.2014; Elsevier
• Subjects: Aluminum base alloys; Applied sciences; Barriers; Degradation; Direct energy conversion and energy accumulation; Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering; Electrical power engineering; Electrodes; Encapsulation; Energy; Exact sciences and technology; Fullerenes; Macro defects; Natural energy; Organic solar cells; Permeation; Photoelectric conversion; Photovoltaic cells; Photovoltaic conversion; Solar cells; Solar cells. Photoelectrochemical cells; Solar energy; Water permeation barrier; Degradation; Encapsulation; Macro defects; Organic solar cells; Water permeation barrier; Water; Performance evaluation; Calcium; Conversion rate; Zinc complex; Electroluminescence; Photovoltaic cell; Optical microscopy; Humidity; Corrosion test; Small molecule; Damaging; Measurement sensor; Permeation; Durability; Aluminium; Imagery; Solar cell; Sensitivity; Corrosion; Metallophthalocyanine; Fullerenes
• ISSN: 0927-0248; 1879-3398
• DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2013.10.023

The degradation of non-encapsulated, small-molecule organic solar cells based on ZnPc (zinc phthalocyanine)/C60 with an aluminum top electrode is investigated under different climate conditions and correlated with the water barrier performance of the aluminum electrode layer. The degradation of the solar cells turns out to be dominated by water and can be well predicted by the corrosion of calcium – a sensor for water – under the same conditions. By several independent techniques, an amount of 20±7mg(H2O)m−2 is determined to reduce the solar cell efficiency to 50% of the initial value, independent of humidity and temperature between 20 and 65°C. This experimental value for degradation sensitivity of an organic solar cell allows to translate the encapsulation requirements of the solar cell into a well-defined, objective quantity and allows to predict device lifetimes for different permeation barriers. Furthermore, electroluminescence imaging shows that the degradation is caused solely from a loss of active area caused by water ingress through defects in the aluminum top electrode. For this type of barrier, most of the permeation (>72%) through the aluminum is thus caused by defects with a radius r>0.3µm visible with an optical microscope. Hence, the water ingress through the aluminum top electrode and in turn the lifetime of the organic PV cell can be well predicted by a simple optical inspection. [Display omitted] . •Organic solar cells and calcium sensors protected by same barrier: 100nm aluminum.•Calcium sensors can well predict solar cell lifetime—independent of climate.•20mg(H2O)m² degrade 50% of the active area.•>72% of water ingress occurs through large defects (>0.4µm) in aluminum barrier.•Water ingress is predictable by a simple optical inspection of the aluminum barrier.