Genetics of resistance to septoria nodorum blotch in wheat

• Published in: Theoretical and applied genetics Vol. 135; no. 11; pp. 3685 - 3707
• Main Authors: Peters Haugrud, Amanda R., Zhang, Zengcui, Friesen, Timothy L., Faris, Justin D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.11.2022; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Agricultural research; Agriculture; Apoptosis; Biochemistry; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biotechnology; Blotch; Breeding towards Agricultural Sustainability; Cell death; Chromosome mapping; Control; Cultivars; Disease resistance; Diseases and pests; Foliar diseases; Fungal diseases of plants; Gene expression; Genetic aspects; Genome editing; Life Sciences; Methods; Pathogens; Plant Biochemistry; Plant breeding; Plant Breeding/Biotechnology; Plant Diseases; Plant Genetics and Genomics; Plant immunology; Quantitative trait loci; Review; S gene; Triticum - genetics; Wheat; United States
• ISSN: 0040-5752; 1432-2242
• DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04036-9

Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) is a foliar disease of wheat caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum . Research over the last two decades has shown that the wheat- P. nodorum pathosystem mostly follows an inverse gene-for-gene model. The fungus produces necrotrophic effectors (NEs) that interact with specific host gene products encoded by dominant sensitivity (S) genes. When a compatible interaction occurs, a ‘defense response’ in the host leads to programmed cell death thereby provided dead/dying cells from which the pathogen, being a necrotroph, can acquire nutrients allowing it to grow and sporulate. To date, nine S gene-NE interactions have been characterized in this pathosystem. Five NE-encoding genes, SnTox1 , SnTox3 , SnToxA, SnTox5, and SnTox267 , have been cloned along with three host S genes, Tsn1 , Snn1, and Snn3-D1 . Studies have shown that P. nodorum hijacks multiple and diverse host targets to cause disease. SNB resistance is often quantitative in nature because multiple compatible interactions usually occur concomitantly. NE gene expression plays a key role in disease severity, and the effect of each compatible interaction can vary depending on the other existing compatible interactions. Numerous SNB-resistance QTL have been identified in addition to the known S genes, and more research is needed to understand the nature of these resistance loci. Marker-assisted elimination of S genes through conventional breeding practices and disruption of S genes using gene editing techniques are both effective strategies for the development of SNB-resistant wheat cultivars, which will become necessary as the global demand for sustenance grows.