Accounting for size‐specific predation improves our ability to predict the strength of a trophic cascade

• Published in: Ecology and evolution Vol. 6; no. 4; pp. 1041 - 1053
• Main Authors: Stevenson, Christine F., Demes, Kyle W., Salomon, Anne K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.02.2016; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Abundance; Biomass; body size; Echinoidea; Enhydra; Enhydra lutris; Grazing; Herbivory; Lutrinae; Marine mammals; Mathematical models; Original Research; Otters; Per capita; Power consumption; Predation; Pressure; Sea urchins; size‐selective predation; trophic cascade; Trophic relationships; British Columbia Canada; Canada; New York; Alaska; California; United States > US; body size; herbivory; trophic cascade; Biomass; size‐selective predation
• ISSN: 2045-7758; 2045-7758
• DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1870

Predation can influence the magnitude of herbivory that grazers exert on primary producers by altering both grazer abundance and their per capita consumption rates via changes in behavior, density‐dependent effects, and size. Therefore, models based solely on changes in abundance may miss key components of grazing pressure. We estimated shifts in grazing pressure associated with changes in the abundance and per capita consumption rates of sea urchins triggered by size‐selective predation by sea otters (Enhydra lutris). Field surveys suggest that sea otters dramatically decreased the abundance and median size of sea urchins. Furthermore, laboratory experiments revealed that kelp consumption by sea urchins varied nonlinearly as a function of urchin size such that consumption rates increased to the 0.56 and 0.68 power of biomass for red and green urchins, respectively. This reveals that shifts in urchin size structure due to size‐selective predation by sea otters alter sea urchin per capita grazing rates. Comparison of two quantitative models estimating total consumptive capacity revealed that a model incorporating shifts in urchin abundance while neglecting urchin size structure overestimated grazing pressure compared to a model that incorporated size. Consequently, incorporating shifts in urchin size better predicted field estimates of kelp abundance compared to equivalent models based on urchin abundance alone. We provide strong evidence that incorporating size‐specific parameters increases our ability to describe and predict trophic interactions. We estimated shifts in grazing pressure associated with changes in the abundance and per capita consumption rates of sea urchins triggered by size‐selective predation by sea otters (Enhydra lutris). We provide strong evidence that incorporating size‐specific parameters into ecological models enhances our ability to describe species interactions and predict trophic cascades by accounting for a common and large source of variation in per capita interaction strength: size.