Risk factors for endometrial cancer in Black women

• Published in: Cancer causes & control Vol. 34; no. 5; pp. 421 - 430
• Main Authors: Sponholtz, Todd R., Palmer, Julie R., Rosenberg, Lynn, Chen, Chu, Chen, Yu, Clarke, Megan A., Clendenen, Tess, Du, Mengmeng, Johnson, Lisa, Liao, Linda M., Michels, Kara A., O’Connell, Kelli, Olson, Sara H., Petruzella, Stacey, Rebbeck, Timothy R., Setiawan, Veronica Wendy, Trabert, Britton, Weiss, Noel S., Wentzensen, Nicholas, Wilkens, Lynne, Wise, Lauren A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.05.2023; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Black or African American - statistics & numerical data; Black people; Cancer; Cancer Research; Cohort analysis; Cohort Studies; Endometrial cancer; Endometrial Neoplasms - epidemiology; Endometrial Neoplasms - ethnology; Endometrial Neoplasms - etiology; Endometrium; Epidemiology; Estrogen Replacement Therapy - adverse effects; Estrogens; Estrogens - adverse effects; Female; Hematology; Hormones; Humans; Menopause; Minority & ethnic groups; Multivariable control; Obesity; Obesity - complications; Obesity - epidemiology; Oncology; Original Paper; Public Health; Risk Factors; Statistical analysis; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States - epidemiology; White people; United States; Reproductive history; Obesity; Endometrial cancer; Black women; Exogenous hormones
• ISSN: 0957-5243; 1573-7225
• DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01653-z

Purpose The incidence of endometrial cancer (EC) has been increasing faster among Black women than among other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Although the mortality rate is nearly twice as high among Black than White women, there is a paucity of literature on risk factors for EC among Black women, particularly regarding menopausal hormone use and severe obesity. Methods We pooled questionnaire data on 811 EC cases and 3,124 controls from eight studies with data on self-identified Black women (4 case–control and 4 cohort studies). We analyzed cohort studies as nested case–control studies with up to 4 controls selected per case. We used logistic regression to estimate multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results We observed a positive association between BMI and EC incidence ( P trend  < 0.0001) The OR comparing BMI ≥ 40 vs. < 25 kg/m 2 was 3.92 (95% CI 2.91, 5.27). Abdominal obesity among those with BMI < 30 kg/m 2 was not appreciably associated with EC risk (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.74, 1.99). Associations of reproductive history with EC were similar to those observed in studies of White women. Long-term use of estrogen-only menopausal hormones was associated with an increased risk of EC (≥ 5 years vs. never use: OR 2.08, 95% CI: 1.06, 4.06). Conclusions Our results suggest that the associations of established risk factors with EC are similar between Black and White women. Other explanations, such as differences in the prevalence of known risk factors or previously unidentified risk factors likely underlie the recent increases in EC incidence among Black women.