The changing epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis and New data: the implications for New recommendations for Japanese encephalitis vaccine

• Published in: Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines Vol. 3; no. 1; p. 14
• Main Authors: Connor, Bradley, Bunn, William B
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central 01.08.2017; BMC
• Subjects: Changing epidemiology; Climate change; Encephalitis; Flaviviruses; Hogs; Japanese encephalitis; Japanese encephalitis vaccine; Mosquito transmittal diseases; Mosquitoes; Peri-urban risk; Review; Vaccines; Australia; United States > US; Asia; Underappreciated risks; Changing epidemiology; Mosquito transmittal diseases; ACIP; Japanese encephalitis vaccine; Peri-urban risk; Travel vaccines; Accelerated dosing of vaccines; Flaviviruses; Japanese encephalitis
• ISSN: 2055-0936; 2055-0936
• DOI: 10.1186/s40794-017-0057-x

The epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis and risk to the traveler has changed and continues to evolve. The spread of Japanese Encephalitis virus into new environments, changes in agricultural practice and animal vectors, climate change, peri-urban growth, changes in international travel to Asia, personal risk factors, mosquito vector free transmission, interactions with other flaviviruses and better information on infections without encephalitis and other factors make Japanese Encephalitis an underappreciated risk. There has also been a change in the incidence of Japanese Encephalitis cases that questions the current travel duration and geographic based recommendations. A safe, effective vaccine (Ixiaro) that may be administered in a short course regimen is now available in the United States without the risks of the previous vaccine. However, the vaccine is significantly underutilized. These changes in the epidemiology and new data on the risks of the Japanese Encephalitis virus require a review of the practice guidelines and expert recommendations that do not reflect the current state of knowledge.