Black-White Inequities in Kidney Disease Mortality Across the 30 Most Populous US Cities

• Published in: Journal of general internal medicine : JGIM Vol. 37; no. 6; pp. 1351 - 1358
• Main Authors: Benjamins, Maureen R., Lorenz, Peter, Saiyed, Nazia S., Silva, Abigail, Mattix-Kramer, Holly J., Pys, Paulina, Schulz, Andrew
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.05.2022; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Black or African American; Cities; Cities - epidemiology; Female; Humans; Internal Medicine; Kidney Diseases; Kidneys; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Mortality; Original Research; Population (statistical); Population statistics; Racial Groups; United States - epidemiology; Vital statistics; White People; United States; Cities; United States > US; nephrology; structural racism; racial inequity; health disparities; race; city; mortality; kidney disease; place
• ISSN: 0884-8734; 1525-1497
• DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07444-1

Objectives To examine city-level kidney disease mortality rates and Black:White racial inequities for the USA and its largest cities, and to determine if these measures changed over the past decade. Methods We used National Vital Statistics System mortality data and American Community Survey population estimates to calculate age-standardized kidney disease mortality rates for the non-Hispanic Black (Black), non-Hispanic White (White), and total populations for the USA and the 30 most populous US cities. We examined two time points, 2008–2013 (T1) and 2014–2018 (T2), and assessed changes in rates and inequities over time. Racial inequities were measured with Black:White mortality rate ratios and rate differences. Results Kidney disease mortality rates varied from 2.5 (per 100,000) in San Diego to 24.6 in Houston at T2. The Black kidney disease mortality rate was higher than the White rate in the USA and all cities studied at both time points. In T2, the Black mortality rate ranged from 7.9 in New York to 45.4 in Charlotte, while the White mortality rate ranged from 2.0 in San Diego to 18.6 in Indianapolis. At T2, the Black:White rate ratio ranged from 1.79 (95% CI 1.62–1.99) in Philadelphia to 5.25 (95% CI 3.40–8.10) in Washington, DC, compared to the US rate ratio of 2.28 (95% CI 2.25–2.30). Between T1 and T2, only one city (Nashville) saw a significant decrease in the Black:White mortality gap. Conclusions The largest US cities experience widely varying kidney disease mortality rates and widespread racial inequities. These local data on racial inequities in kidney disease mortality can be used by city leaders and health stakeholders to increase awareness, guide the allocation of limited resources, monitor trends over time, and support targeted population health strategies.