Modulation of the Microbiome in Parkinson’s Disease: Diet, Drug, Stool Transplant, and Beyond

• Published in: Neurotherapeutics Vol. 17; no. 4; pp. 1406 - 1417
• Main Authors: Brown, Ethan G., Goldman, Samuel M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.10.2020; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Animals; Antiparkinson Agents - administration & dosage; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian - methods; Dysbacteriosis; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation - methods; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome - drug effects; Gastrointestinal Microbiome - physiology; Genetic engineering; Genetically engineered organisms; Humans; Microbiomes; Movement disorders; Neurobiology; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neurology; Neurosciences; Neurosurgery; Parkinson Disease - diagnosis; Parkinson Disease - physiopathology; Parkinson Disease - therapy; Parkinson's disease; Pathophysiology; Prebiotics - administration & dosage; Probiotics; Probiotics - administration & dosage; Review; Therapeutic targets; genetically modified; Gastrointestinal microbiome; therapy; organisms; diet; Parkinson’s disease; fecal microbiota transplantation; dysbiosis; probiotics
• ISSN: 1933-7213; 1878-7479; 1878-7479
• DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00942-2

The gastrointestinal microbiome is altered in Parkinson’s disease and likely plays a key role in its pathophysiology, affecting symptoms and response to therapy and perhaps modifying progression or even disease initiation. Gut dysbiosis therefore has a significant potential as a therapeutic target in Parkinson’s disease, a condition elusive to disease-modifying therapy thus far. The gastrointestinal environment hosts a complex ecology, and efforts to modulate the relative abundance or function of established microorganisms are still in their infancy. Still, these techniques are being rapidly developed and have important implications for our understanding of Parkinson’s disease. Currently, modulation of the microbiome can be achieved through non-pharmacologic means such as diet, pharmacologically through probiotic, prebiotic, or antibiotic use and procedurally through fecal transplant. Novel techniques being explored include the use of small molecules or genetically engineered organisms, with vast potential. Here, we review how some of these approaches have been used to date, important areas of ongoing research, and how microbiome modulation may play a role in the clinical management of Parkinson’s disease in the future.