Current Progress and Challenges in the Study of Adjuvants for Oral Vaccines

• Published in: BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals, and gene therapy Vol. 37; no. 2; pp. 143 - 180
• Main Authors: Ou, Bingming, Yang, Ying, Lv, Haihui, Lin, Xin, Zhang, Minyu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.03.2023; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adjuvanticity; Adjuvants; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adjuvants, Vaccine; Antibodies; Antigens; Bacteria; Bioavailability; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Cancer Research; Cholera; E coli; Humans; Immune system; Immunoglobulins; Medical research; Molecular Medicine; Mucosal immunity; Pathogens; Peptides; Pharmacotherapy; Proteins; Review; Review Article; Streptococcus infections; Vaccines
• ISSN: 1173-8804; 1179-190X
• DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00575-1

Over the past 20 years, a variety of potential adjuvants have been studied to enhance the effect of oral vaccines in the intestinal mucosal immune system; however, no licensed adjuvant for clinical application in oral vaccines is available. In this review, we systematically updated the research progress of oral vaccine adjuvants over the past 2 decades, including biogenic adjuvants, non-biogenic adjuvants, and their multi-type composite adjuvant materials, and introduced their immune mechanisms of adjuvanticity, aiming at providing theoretical basis for developing feasible and effective adjuvants for oral vaccines. Based on these insights, we briefly discussed the challenges in the development of oral vaccine adjuvants and prospects for their future development.