Abnormalities of the oculomotor function in type 1 diabetes and diabetic neuropathy

• Published in: Acta diabetologica Vol. 59; no. 9; pp. 1157 - 1167
• Main Authors: D’Addio, Francesca, Pastore, Ida, Loretelli, Cristian, Valderrama-Vasquez, Alessandro, Usuelli, Vera, Assi, Emma, Mameli, Chiara, Macedoni, Maddalena, Maestroni, Anna, Rossi, Antonio, Lunati, Maria Elena, Morpurgo, Paola Silvia, Gandolfi, Alessandra, Montefusco, Laura, Bolla, Andrea Mario, Ben Nasr, Moufida, Di Maggio, Stefania, Melzi, Lisa, Staurenghi, Giovanni, Secchi, Antonio, Bianchi Marzoli, Stefania, Zuccotti, Gianvincenzo, Fiorina, Paolo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Milan Springer Milan 01.09.2022; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Cohort Studies; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - complications; Diabetic Neuropathies - diagnosis; Diabetic Neuropathies - etiology; Diabetic neuropathy; Eye Complications of Diabetes; Humans; Internal Medicine; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolic Diseases; Oculomotor system; Original; Original Article; Pursuit, Smooth; Saccades; Saccadic eye movements; Velocity; Oculomotor system; Diabetic neuropathy; Type 1 diabetes; Eye movement tracking
• ISSN: 1432-5233; 0940-5429; 1432-5233
• DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-01911-1

Aims Abnormalities in the oculomotor system may represent an early sign of diabetic neuropathy and are currently poorly studied. We designed an eye-tracking-based test to evaluate oculomotor function in patients with type 1 diabetes. Methods We used the SRLab—Tobii TX300 Eye tracker® , an eye-tracking device, coupled with software that we developed to test abnormalities in the oculomotor system. The software consists of a series of eye-tracking tasks divided into 4 classes of parameters (Resistance, Wideness, Pursuit and Velocity) to evaluate both smooth and saccadic movement in different directions. We analyzed the oculomotor system in 34 healthy volunteers and in 34 patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes. Results Among the 474 parameters analyzed with the eye-tracking-based system, 11% were significantly altered in patients with type 1 diabetes ( p  < 0.05), with a higher proportion of abnormalities observed in the Wideness (24%) and Resistance (10%) parameters. Patients with type 1 diabetes without diabetic neuropathy showed more frequently anomalous measurements in the Resistance class ( p  = 0.02). The classes of Velocity and Pursuit were less frequently altered in patients with type 1 diabetes as compared to healthy subjects, with anomalous measurements mainly observed in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Conclusions Abnormalities in oculomotor system function can be detected in patients with type 1 diabetes using a novel eye-tracking-based test. A larger cohort study may further determine thresholds of normality and validate whether eye-tracking can be used to non-invasively characterize early signs of diabetic neuropathy. Trial: NCT04608890.