Salmonids have an extraordinary complex type I IFN system: characterization of the IFN locus in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss reveals two novel IFN subgroups

• Published in: The Journal of immunology (1950) Vol. 193; no. 5; pp. 2273 - 2286
• Main Authors: Zou, Jun, Gorgoglione, Bartolomeo, Taylor, Nicholas G H, Summathed, Thitiya, Lee, Po-Tsang, Panigrahi, Akshaya, Genet, Carine, Chen, Young-Mao, Chen, Tzong-Yueh, Ul Hassan, Mahmood, Mughal, Sharif M, Boudinot, Pierre, Secombes, Christopher J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Publisher : Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins, c1950-. Latest Publisher : Bethesda, MD : American Association of Immunologists 01.09.2014
• Subjects: Animals; Base Sequence; Fish Proteins - genetics; Fish Proteins - immunology; Genetic Loci - physiology; Interferon Type I - genetics; Interferon Type I - immunology; Life Sciences; Molecular Sequence Data; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Oncorhynchus mykiss - genetics; Oncorhynchus mykiss - immunology; Organ Specificity - physiology; Salmo trutta; Teleostei
• ISSN: 0022-1767; 1550-6606
• DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301796

Fish type I IFNs are classified into two groups with two (group I) or four (group II) cysteines in the mature peptide and can be further divided into four subgroups, termed IFN-a, -b, -c, and -d. Salmonids possess all four subgroups, whereas other teleost species have one or more but not all groups. In this study, we have discovered two further subgroups (IFN-e and -f) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and analyzed the expression of all six subgroups in rainbow trout and brown trout Salmo trutta. In rainbow trout RTG-2 and RTS-11 cells, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stimulation resulted in early activation of IFN-d, whereas the IFN-e subgroup containing the highest number of members showed weak induction. In contrast with the cell lines, remarkable induction of IFN-a, -b, and -c was detected in primary head kidney leukocytes after polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid treatment, whereas a moderate increase of IFNs was observed after stimulation with resiquimod. Infection of brown trout with hemorrhagic septicemia virus resulted in early induction of IFN-d, -e, and -f and a marked increase of IFN-b and IFN-c expression in kidney and spleen. IFN transcripts were found to be strongly correlated with the viral burden and with marker genes of the IFN antiviral cascade. The results demonstrate that the IFN system of salmonids is far more complex than previously realized, and in-depth research is required to fully understand its regulation and function.