Tumorigenesis and diagnostic practice applied in two oncogenic viruses: Epstein Barr virus and T-cell lymphotropic virus-1—Mini review

• Published in: Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy Vol. 142; p. 111974
• Main Authors: Manivannan, Arun Chandra, Devaraju, Vinitha, Velmurugan, Palanivel, Sathiamoorthi, Thangavelu, Sivakumar, Subpiramaniyam, Subbiah, Suresh Kumar, Ravi, Arumugam Veera
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: France Elsevier Masson SAS 01.10.2021; Elsevier
• Subjects: Carcinogenesis; Diagnosis; EBV; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections - complications; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections - virology; General pathway; Herpesvirus 4, Human - isolation & purification; Herpesvirus 4, Human - pathogenicity; HTLV-I Infections - complications; HTLV-I Infections - virology; HTLV1; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - isolation & purification; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - pathogenicity; Humans; Infection; Mechanism; Neoplasms - pathology; Neoplasms - virology; Infection; EBV; General pathway; Diagnosis; HTLV1; Mechanism
• ISSN: 0753-3322; 1950-6007
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111974

To date, seven viruses have been reliably connected to various forms of human cancer: Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), high-risk Human papillomavirus (HPV), Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV1). This mini-review summarizes two of these viruses, EPV and HTLV-1, in terms of their general pathway of infection, the key mechanism of cancer induction, and the prominent technologies used to detect the infections. EBV is the first discovered human oncovirus and HTLV – I is the first human retrovirus and both were discovered from patient with distinct lymphoma clinical condition. Both the viruses can immortalize lymphocytes invitro and lymphomas are common manifestation of majority oncogenic viruses. Lymphomagenesis are discovered in associated with EBV, HTLV-I, Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Kaposi sarcoma – associated herpes virus and hepatitis c virus. Later the undefined mechanism behind the induction of cancer by these viruses was unveiled gradually along with the responsible cofactors and mimicry mechanism. These two viruses contrast in their genetic structure, location of the infection, and latency, yet clinically, they generate similar cancer disorders. The major focus of this study is to brief the mechanism of these two unrelated viral cancer promoting agents on how they simulate a condition similar to lymphoma which may or may not undergo mimicry and cofactor utilization process, handpicked and vital genes behind the transformation mechanism are given accordingly. •LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 influence transduction through CD40-CD154 in EBV infection and mimic significant role tumorigenesis process.•Major Tumor induction factors of EBV are Nuclear antigen, Membrane Antigens, and Non coding RNAs.•Interplay between Tax and HBZ is the basis of a complex strategy to evade of host immune response and increase transmission.•Commonly PCR is used as major diagnostic tool for detection of EBV and HTLV-1.