Pharmacokinetic differences in nicotine and nicotine salts mediate reinforcement-related behavior: an animal model study

• Published in: Frontiers in neuroscience Vol. 17; p. 1288102
• Main Authors: Han, Pengfei, Jing, Xiaoyuan, Han, Shulei, Wang, Xinsheng, Li, Qiannan, Zhang, Yuan, Yu, Pengpeng, Liu, Xin-an, Wu, Ping, Chen, Huan, Hou, Hongwei, Hu, Qingyuan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Lausanne Frontiers Research Foundation 16.11.2023; Frontiers Media S.A
• Subjects: Animal models; anxiety; Behavior; Benzoic acid; Brain research; Cigarettes; Dopamine; Drug dosages; Drug self-administration; Drug withdrawal; Electronic cigarettes; Experiments; Metabolism; Neuroscience; Nicotine; nicotine salts; Pharmacokinetics; Plasma; Salt; Salts; self-administration
• ISSN: 1662-453X; 1662-4548; 1662-453X
• DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1288102

Since their introduction in the United States and Europe in 2007, electronic cigarettes (E-Cigs) have become increasingly popular among smokers. Nicotine, a key component in both tobacco and e-cigarettes, can exist in two forms: nicotine-freebase (FBN) and nicotine salts (NS). While nicotine salt is becoming more popular in e-cigarettes, the effect of nicotine salts on reinforcement-related behaviors remains poorly understood. This study aimed to compare the reinforcing effects of nicotine and nicotine salts in animal models of drug self-administration and explore potential mechanisms that may contribute to these differences. The results demonstrated that three nicotine salts (nicotine benzoate, nicotine lactate, and nicotine tartrate) resulted in greater reinforcement-related behaviors in rats compared to nicotine-freebase. Moreover, withdrawal-induced anxiety symptoms were lower in the three nicotine salt groups than in the nicotine-freebase group. The study suggested that differences in the pharmacokinetics of nicotine-freebase and nicotine salts in vivo may explain the observed behavioral differences. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the reinforcing effects of nicotine as well as potential differences between nicotine-freebase and nicotine salts.