Hydrophobic eutectic solvents for surface water treatment with a focus on benzophenone type UV filters

• Published in: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Vol. 280; p. 116528
• Main Authors: Hrabáková, Kateřina, Hložek, Tomáš, Bosáková, Zuzana, Tůma, Petr
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Inc 15.07.2024; Elsevier
• Subjects: Benzophenone; Benzophenones - chemistry; Caprylates - chemistry; Deep Eutectic Solvents - chemistry; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent; Liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Menthol - chemistry; Solvent reuse; Sunscreening Agents - chemistry; Sunscreening Agents - toxicity; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry; Water purification; Water Purification - methods; EE; C10; Solvent reuse; C12; BP-8; HBA; Liquid chromatography; BP-3; HBD; HDES; BP-2; L; BP-1; M; BP; Benzophenone; Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent; DES; MOBP; T; C8; Water purification; Mass spectrometry
• ISSN: 0147-6513; 1090-2414; 1090-2414
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116528

Effective removal of organic UV filters from aquatic environmental compartments and swimming waters is very important because these substances are hazardous to humans and wildlife at low concentrations and act as endocrine disruptors. Therefore, the aim of the present article is to determine the extraction efficiencies of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) for the selected UV filters based on benzophenone structure (benzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2´,4,4´-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2,2´-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 4-methacryloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone) from aqueous matrices. For this purpose, six HDESs based on dl-menthol in combination with caprylic, decanoic and lauric acid are prepared and compared with referent terpene solvents such as terpineol and linalool. The effect of various parameters such as HDES composition, volume ratio, frequency and shaking time are studied. The highest extraction efficiency is shown by HDES of menthol:caprylic acid (1:1) composition at the aqueous:organic phase volume ratio of 1:1, shaking frequency of 1500 rpm and shaking time of 15 min. The achieved extraction efficiencies are higher than 99.6 % for all benzophenones studied in the purification of stagnant pond water, swimming pool water and river water samples. After a simple and fast sample treatment, the residual levels of benzophenones in the waters are controlled by a newly developed sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method with LOQs in the range of 0.7 – 5.0 ng/mL. [Display omitted] •effective removal of benzophenone UV filters from swimming, river and pond water.•sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method with precise identification of benzophenones.•highest extraction efficiency for menthol:caprylic acid (1:1) as hydrophobic DES.•extraction efficiencies higher than 99.6 % for all benzophenones using DESs.•DESs repeatedly used for five extraction cycles with recovery higher than 95 %.