Effect of Reaction Temperature on Structure, Appearance and Bonding Type of Functionalized Graphene Oxide Modified P -Phenylene Diamine

• Published in: Materials Vol. 11; no. 4; p. 647
• Main Authors: Sun, Hong-Juan, Liu, Bo, Peng, Tong-Jiang, Zhao, Xiao-Long
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 23.04.2018; MDPI
• Subjects: bonding type; Chemical bonds; Covalence; Covalent bonds; cross-link bond type; Crystal structure; Fourier transforms; functionalized graphene oxide; Graphene; graphene oxide; Hydrogen bonds; Infrared spectroscopy; Interlayers; p-phenylene diamine; Phenylenediamine; Scanning electron microscopy; Spectrum analysis; Surface roughness; Temperature; X ray photoelectron spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; cross-link bond type; bonding type; graphene oxide; functionalized graphene oxide; p-phenylene diamine
• ISSN: 1996-1944; 1996-1944
• DOI: 10.3390/ma11040647

In this study, graphene oxides with different functionalization degrees were prepared by a facile one-step hydrothermal reflux method at various reaction temperatures using graphene oxide (GO) as starting material and -phenylenediamine (PPD) as the modifier. The effects of reaction temperature on structure, appearance and bonding type of the obtained materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that when the reaction temperature was 10⁻70 °C, the GO reacted with PPD through non-covalent ionic bonds (⁻COO H₃⁺N⁻R) and hydrogen bonds (C⁻OH...H₂N⁻X). When the reaction temperature reached 90 °C, the GO was functionalized with PPD through covalent bonds of C⁻N. The crystal structure of products became more ordered and regular, and the interlayer spacing ( value) and surface roughness increased as the temperature increased. Furthermore, the results suggested that PPD was grafted on the surface of GO through covalent bonding by first attacking the carboxyl groups and then the epoxy groups of GO.