Effect of Surface Tooling Techniques of Medical Titanium Implants on Bacterial Biofilm Formation In Vitro

• Published in: Materials Vol. 15; no. 9; p. 3228
• Main Authors: Sarfraz, Sonia, Mäntynen, Pilvi-Helinä, Laurila, Marisa, Suojanen, Juho, Saarnio, Juha, Rossi, Sami, Horelli, Jani, Kaakinen, Mika, Leikola, Junnu, Reunanen, Justus
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 29.04.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Adhesion; Alloys; Bacteria; Bacterial infections; Biofilms; CAD; CAD/CAM; Clinical medicine; Computer aided design; Contamination; Dental implants; E coli; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Laser sintering; Microorganisms; Nosocomial infections; Orthopedics; Pathogens; Prostheses; Room temperature; Saliva; Soft tissues; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus mutans; Surface treatment; Surgery; Surgical implants; Titanium; Titanium base alloys; Tooling; Germany; Enterococcus faecalis; saliva; tooling; Escherichia coli; titanium; Staphylococcus aureus; bacterial adhesion; Streptococcus mutans
• ISSN: 1996-1944; 1996-1944
• DOI: 10.3390/ma15093228

The aim of this study was to assess the biofilm formation of , , , and on titanium implants with CAD-CAM tooling techniques. Twenty specimens of titanium were studied: Titanium grade 2 tooled with a Planmeca CAD-CAM milling device ( ), Ti Al V grade 5 as it comes from CAD-DMLS device (computer aided design-direct metal laser sintering device) ( ), Ti Al V grade 23 as it comes from a CAD-CAM milling device ( ), and CAD-DMLS TiGrade 5 polished with an abrasive disc ( ). Bacterial adhesion on the implants was completed with and without saliva treatment to mimic both extraoral and intraoral surgical methods of implant placement. Five specimens/implant types were used in the bacterial adhesion experiments. Autoclaved implant specimens were placed in petri plates and immersed in saliva solution for 30 min at room temperature and then washed 3× with 1× PBS. Bacterial suspensions of each strain were made and added to the specimens after saliva treatment. Biofilm was allowed to form for 24 h at 37 °C and the adhered bacteria was calculated. Tooling techniques had an insignificant effect on the bacterial adhesion by all the bacterial strains studied. However, there was a significant difference in biofilm formation between the saliva-treated and non-saliva-treated implants. Saliva contamination enhanced , , and adhesion in all material types studied. was found to be the most adherent strain in the saliva-treated group, whereas was the most adherent strain in the non-saliva-treated group. In conclusion, CAD-CAM tooling techniques have little effect on bacterial adhesion. Saliva coating enhances the biofilm formation; therefore, saliva contamination of the implant must be minimized during implant placement. Further extensive studies are needed to evaluate the effects of surface treatments of the titanium implant on soft tissue response and to prevent the factors causing implant infection and failure.