Eckmaxol Isolated from Ecklonia maxima Attenuates Particulate-Matter-Induced Inflammation in MH-S Lung Macrophage

• Published in: Marine drugs Vol. 20; no. 12; p. 766
• Main Authors: Nagahawatta, D P, Liyanage, N M, Jayawardhana, H H A C K, Jayawardena, Thilina U, Lee, Hyo-Geun, Heo, Moon-Soo, Jeon, You-Jin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 07.12.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Airborne particulates; Algae; Allergic reactions; anti-inflammation; Anti-inflammatory agents; Asthma; c-Jun protein; Cancer; chronic diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2 - metabolism; Cyclooxygenase-2; Cytokines; Ecklonia maxima; eckmaxol; Gene expression; Humans; Hypersensitivity; IL-1β; Inflammation; Inflammation - chemically induced; Inflammation - drug therapy; Inflammatory diseases; Interleukin 6; Investigations; JNK protein; Kinases; Lung - drug effects; Lung - pathology; lung macrophage; Lungs; Macrophages; Macrophages - drug effects; MAP kinase; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - metabolism; NF-kappa B - metabolism; NF-κB protein; Nitric oxide; Nitric Oxide - metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II - metabolism; Nitric-oxide synthase; Outdoor air quality; Oxidative stress; Particle size; Particulate emissions; Particulate matter; Particulate Matter - toxicity; Phaeophyceae - chemistry; Phosphorylation; Pneumonia - chemically induced; Pneumonia - drug therapy; Polyphenols; Polyphenols - chemistry; Polyphenols - pharmacology; Polyphenols - therapeutic use; Prostaglandin E; Protein expression; Protein kinase; Proteins; Signal transduction; Suspended particulate matter; Toll-like receptors; Toll-Like Receptors - metabolism; Transcription factors; Tumor necrosis factor-α; eckmaxol; particulate matter; Ecklonia maxima; lung macrophage; chronic diseases; anti-inflammation; bioactive compound
• ISSN: 1660-3397; 1660-3397
• DOI: 10.3390/md20120766

Airborne particulate matter (PM) originating from industrial processes is a major threat to the environment and health in East Asia. PM can cause asthma, collateral lung tissue damage, oxidative stress, allergic reactions, and inflammation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of eckmaxol, a phlorotannin isolated from Ecklonia maxima, against PM-induced inflammation in MH-S macrophage cells. It was found that PM induced inflammation in MH-S lung macrophages, which was inhibited by eckmaxol treatment in a dose-dependent manner (21.0−84.12 µM). Eckmaxol attenuated the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in PM-induced lung macrophages. Subsequently, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were downregulated. PM stimulated inflammation in MH-S lung macrophages by activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Eckmaxol exhibited anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the activation of TLRs, downstream signaling of NF-κB (p50 and p65), and MAPK pathways, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. These findings suggest that eckmaxol may offer substantial therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.