Laser Deposited 18Ni300 Alloy Powder on 1045 Steel: Effect of Passes and Preheating on Microstructure

• Published in: Materials Vol. 15; no. 3; p. 1209
• Main Authors: Emadinia, Omid, Gil, Jorge, Amaral, Rui, Lopes, Cláudia, Rocha, Rui, Reis, Ana
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 05.02.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Additive manufacturing; Alloy powders; Bonding strength; Chemical composition; Dendritic structure; Dilution; direct energy deposition; Energy dissipation; Epitaxial growth; Gas flow; Grains; Hardness; Heat; Heat affected zone; Heating; Impact strength; Laser deposition; Lasers; maraging 18Ni300; Maraging steels; Martensitic transformations; Mechanical properties; Medium carbon steels; Metallurgy; microhardness; Microscopy; Microstructure; Morphology; Particle size; Raw materials; Stainless steel; Steel alloys; Stress concentration; Strip steel; Substrates; Temperature; Germany; microstructure; dilution; direct energy deposition; heat affected zone; grains and crystallographic information; maraging 18Ni300; microhardness
• ISSN: 1996-1944; 1996-1944
• DOI: 10.3390/ma15031209

The application of maraging steels such as 18Ni300 alloy is noteworthy for mould industries, applying repair purposes through direct energy deposition process. This objective requires microstructural characterizations and the evaluation of mechanical behaviour such as hardness. The state of substrate material, including the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the interface between the HAZ and deposited layer, is essential, the formation of hard phases and abrupt transitions. Thus, the influence of the number of deposited layers or the pre-heating condition appears noteworthy. In the current study, microscopy observations did not reveal the presence of any crack in the cross-sections of deposited 18Ni300 alloy powder on AISI 1045 sheet steel; however, pores were observed in deposited layers. Besides, microscopic analyses revealed the achievement of a smooth HAZ in the deposited layers composed of three-layered depositions or that received preheating, confirmed by hardness measurements as well. Dilution effect ensured a metallurgical bonding between depositions and substrate, strongly affected by preheating. The HAZ microstructure, mainly martensitic transformation, distribution of chemical composition, epitaxial growth at the interface, and the size of crystals and grains were affected by preheating or the number of layers. Moreover, the heat propagation and/or dissipation across the deposited layers influenced the dendrite morphology and the texture of grains. The preheating condition provoked the formation of cellular/equiaxed dendrites that was highlighted in the three-layered deposition, increase in dendrite interspace growth.