Hypertension, Thrombosis, Kidney Failure, and Diabetes: Is COVID-19 an Endothelial Disease? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Clinical and Basic Evidence

The symptoms most commonly reported by patients affected by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) include cough, fever, and shortness of breath. However, other major events usually observed in COVID-19 patients (e.g., high blood pressure, arterial and venous thromboembolism, kidney disease, neurologic diso...

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Published inJournal of clinical medicine Vol. 9; no. 5; p. 1417
Main Authors Sardu, Celestino, Gambardella, Jessica, Morelli, Marco Bruno, Wang, Xujun, Marfella, Raffaele, Santulli, Gaetano
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 11.05.2020
MDPI
Subjects
Anticoagulants
Avian flu
Blood pressure
Clinical medicine
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
Diabetes
Disease
Endothelium
Gene expression
Glycoproteins
Hospitals
Hypertension
Infections
Morbidity
Mortality
Pathogenesis
Proteins
Review
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Thrombosis
Ventilators
COVID
heparin
blood pressure
catepsin
endothelium
Kawasaki disease
cytokine storm
coronavirus
ACE2, acute kidney injury
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Summary:The symptoms most commonly reported by patients affected by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) include cough, fever, and shortness of breath. However, other major events usually observed in COVID-19 patients (e.g., high blood pressure, arterial and venous thromboembolism, kidney disease, neurologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus) indicate that the virus is targeting the endothelium, one of the largest organs in the human body. Herein, we report a systematic and comprehensive evaluation of both clinical and preclinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that the endothelium is a key target organ in COVID-19, providing a mechanistic rationale behind its systemic manifestations.
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These authors equally contributed to this work.
ISSN:2077-0383
2077-0383
DOI:10.3390/jcm9051417