Bioprospecting of Less-Polar Fractions of Ericaria crinita and Ericaria amentacea : Developmental Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity

• Published in: Marine drugs Vol. 20; no. 1; p. 57
• Main Authors: Radman, Sanja, Čižmek, Lara, Babić, Sanja, Cikoš, Ana-Marija, Čož-Rakovac, Rozelindra, Jokić, Stela, Jerković, Igor
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 06.01.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Algae; Amides; Animal embryos; Animals; Antioxidants; Antioxidants - chemistry; Antioxidants - pharmacology; Aquatic Organisms; Bioprospecting; brown algae; Carotenoids; Cations; Cell division; Chemical activity; Chemical composition; Chlorophyll; Chlorophylls; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Croatia; Danio rerio; Embryos; fatty acid amides; Fatty acids; Fractionation; Freshwater fishes; Fucoxanthin; High performance liquid chromatography; HPLC; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Ionization; Liquid chromatography; Marine Toxins - chemistry; Marine Toxins - pharmacology; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Metabolites; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Oceans and Seas; Oleamide; Oxidation; Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; Phaeophyceae; Phaeophytin; pheophytin a, b and their derivatives; Scientific imaging; Solid phases; Sterols; Synergistic effect; Terpenes; Toxicity; UHPLC-ESI-HRMS; Zebrafish; Croatia; Black Sea; Adriatic Sea; fatty acid amides; UHPLC-ESI-HRMS; pheophytin a, b and their derivatives; zebrafish embryotoxicity; terpenes; brown algae; fucoxanthin; antioxidant activity
• ISSN: 1660-3397; 1660-3397
• DOI: 10.3390/md20010057

and from the Adriatic Sea (Croatia) were investigated with respect to the presence of less-polar compounds for the first time after fractionation by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The composition of less-polar fractions of freeze-dried (FdEc) and (FdEa) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS). The major identified compounds were: amides of higher aliphatic acids (palmitoleamide, linoleamide, palmitamide, oleamide and erucamide) and related compounds, carotenoid (fucoxanthin), chlorophyll derivatives (pheophytin and and their derivatives) and higher terpenes (loliolide, isoamijiol with its oxidation product), β-stigmasterol and (3β,6α)-14-methylergosta-8,24(28)-diene-3,6-diol). The toxic effects observed on the less-polar fractions obtained from species on zebrafish embryos could be associated with the high abundance of all five detected amides. The antioxidant activity of the fractions was evaluated by means of five independent assays, including the reduction of the radical cation (ABTS), the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the Folin-Ciocalteu method. A higher antioxidant activity of in comparison to that of the fractions was found with IC concentrations of 0.072 and 1.177 mg/mL, respectively. The correlation between the activity and the chemical composition revealed that the synergistic effect of different compounds impacted their antioxidant response.