Rapidly Shifting Baselines in Yangtze Fishing Communities and Local Memory of Extinct Species

• Published in: Conservation biology Vol. 24; no. 3; pp. 778 - 787
• Main Authors: TURVEY, SAMUEL T., BARRETT, LEIGH A., YUJIANG, HAO, LEI, ZHANG, XINQIAO, ZHANG, XIANYAN, WANG, YADONG, HUANG, KAIYA, ZHOU, HART, TOM, DING, WANG
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Malden, USA Blackwell Publishing Inc 01.06.2010; Wiley-Blackwell; Blackwell Publishing Ltd
• Subjects: amnesia generacional; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Applied ecology; baiji; Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Biological and medical sciences; Cetacea; China; Communities; conocimiento ecológico local; conocimiento ecológico tradicional; Conservation biology; Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife; delfín del Río Yangtze; Ecosystem; Endangered & extinct species; Environmental conservation; Exploitation and management of natural biological resources (hunting, fishing and exploited populations survey, etc.); Extinct species; Extinction, Biological; Fisheries; Fisheries management; Freshwater fishes; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; generational amnesia; Generations; Lipotes vexillifer; local ecological knowledge; Marine; Nature conservation; Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking; percepciones; perceptions; pez espátula del Yangtze; Psephurus gladius; Regions; River basins; Shad; Species; Species extinction; Takifugu; Tenualosa reevesii; traditional ecological knowledge; Yangtze paddlefish; Yangtze River dolphin; China; Yangtze Valley; China, People's Rep., Changjiang R; Extinct species; Yangtze paddlefish; Memory; Ecology; Fishing; Yangtze River dolphin; traditional ecological knowledge; Yangtze River; Freshwater environment; Vertebrata; Mammalia; perceptions; Pisces; generational amnesia; Perception; Local ecological knowledge; Cetacea; Indigenous knowledge; baiji; Community; Environmental protection
• ISSN: 0888-8892; 1523-1739
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01395.x

Local ecological knowledge can provide a unique source of data for conservation, especially in efforts to investigate the status of rare or possibly extinct species, but it is unlikely to remain constant over time. Loss of perspective about past ecological conditions caused by lack of communication between generations may create "shifting baseline syndrome," in which younger generations are less aware of local species diversity or abundance in the recent past. This phenomenon has been widely discussed, but has rarely been examined quantitatively. We present new evidence of shifting baselines in local perception of regional species declines and on the duration of "community memory" of extinct species on the basis of extensive interviews with fishers in communities across the middle-lower Yangtze basin. Many Yangtze species have experienced major declines in recent decades, and the Yangtze River dolphin or baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) and Yangtze paddlefish (Psephurus gladius) may have become extinct during the 21st century. Although informants across all age classes were strongly aware of the Yangtze ecosystem's escalating resource depletion and environmental degradation, older informants were more likely to recognize declines in two commercially important fish species, Reeves' shad (Tenualosa reevesii) and Yangtze pufferfish (Takifugu fasciatus), and to have encountered baiji and paddlefish in the past. Age was also a strong predictor of whether informants had even heard of baiji or paddlefish, with younger informants being substantially less likely to recognize either species. A marked decrease in local knowledge about the Yangtze freshwater megafauna matched the time of major population declines of these species from the 1970s onwards, and paddlefish were already unknown to over 70% of all informants below the age of 40 and to those who first started fishing after 1995. This rapid rate of cultural baseline shift suggests that once even megafaunal species cease to be encountered on a fairly regular basis, they are rapidly forgotten by local communities.