Sub-meninges implantation reduces immune response to neural implants

• Published in: Journal of neuroscience methods Vol. 214; no. 2; pp. 119 - 125
• Main Authors: Markwardt, Neil T., Stokol, Jodi, Rennaker II, Robert L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 15.04.2013
• Subjects: Animals; Astrocyte; Electrodes, Implanted - adverse effects; Glial scar; Inflammation - etiology; Inflammation - pathology; Inflammation - prevention & control; Male; Meninges; Meninges - pathology; Meninges - surgery; Microelectrodes; Microglia; Microwire; Neural interface; Neuroglia - pathology; Neurons - pathology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Meninges; Glial scar; Astrocyte; Neural interface; Microwire; Microglia
• ISSN: 0165-0270; 1872-678X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.01.020

► We implanted microwires in rat cortex crossing and entirely below the meninges. ► Sub-meninges implants showed 63% less astrocyte activity. ► Sub-meninges implantation also reduced the microglial reaction. Glial scar formation around neural interfaces inhibits their ability to acquire usable signals from the surrounding neurons. To improve neural recording performance, the inflammatory response and glial scarring must be minimized. Previous work has indicated that meningeally derived cells participate in the immune response, and it is possible that the meninges may grow down around the shank of a neural implant, contributing to the formation of the glial scar. This study examines whether the glial scar can be reduced by placing a neural probe completely below the meninges. Rats were implanted with sets of loose microwire implants placed either completely below the meninges or implanted conventionally with the upper end penetrating the meninges, but not attached to the skull. Histological analysis was performed 4 weeks following surgical implantation to evaluate the glial scar. Our results found that sub-meninges implants showed an average reduction in reactive astrocyte activity of 63% compared to trans-meninges implants. Microglial activity was also reduced for sub-meninges implants. These results suggest that techniques that isolate implants from the meninges offer the potential to reduce the encapsulation response which should improve chronic recording quality and stability.