Prospective associations between vitamin D and depression in middle-aged adults: findings from the UK Biobank cohort

• Published in: Psychological medicine Vol. 52; no. 10; pp. 1866 - 1874
• Main Authors: Ronaldson, Amy, Arias de la Torre, Jorge, Gaughran, Fiona, Bakolis, Ioannis, Hatch, Stephani L., Hotopf, Matthew, Dregan, Alexandru
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 01.07.2022
• Subjects: Adult; Adults; Alcohol use; Biobanks; Biological Specimen Banks; Body mass index; Cohort Studies; Ethnicity; Humans; Mental depression; Mental health; Middle age; Middle Aged; Older people; Original; Original Article; Pathophysiology; Population studies; Public health; Questionnaires; Regression analysis; Risk factors; Sociodemographics; United Kingdom - epidemiology; Variables; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency - complications; Vitamin D Deficiency - diagnosis; Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology; Vitamin deficiency; United Kingdom; United Kingdom > UK; United States > US; Depression; middle-age; PHQ-9; vitamin D
• ISSN: 0033-2917; 1469-8978
• DOI: 10.1017/S0033291720003657

A possible role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of depression is currently speculative, with more rigorous research needed to assess this association in large adult populations. The current study assesses prospective associations between vitamin D status and depression in middle-aged adults enrolled in the UK Biobank. We assessed prospective associations between vitamin D status at the baseline assessment (2006-2010) and depression measured at the follow-up assessment (2016) in 139 128 adults registered with the UK Biobank. Amongst participants with no depression at baseline ( = 127 244), logistic regression revealed that those with vitamin D insufficiency [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-1.22] and those with vitamin D deficiency (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.13-1.36) were more likely to develop new-onset depression at follow-up compared with those with optimal vitamin D levels after adjustment for a wide range of relevant covariates. Similar prospective associations were reported for those with depression at baseline ( = 11 884) (insufficiency: aOR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.23; deficiency: aOR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.13-1.50). The prospective associations found between vitamin D status and depression suggest that both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency might be risk factors for the development of new-onset depression in middle-aged adults. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency (and to a lesser extent insufficiency) might be a predictor of sustained depressive symptoms in those who are already depressed. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is very common, meaning that these findings have significant implications for public health.