An overview of targeted alpha therapy

• Published in: Tumor biology Vol. 33; no. 3; pp. 573 - 590
• Main Authors: Kim, Young-Seung, Brechbiel, Martin W.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.06.2012; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Alpha Particles - therapeutic use; Animals; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Cancer Research; Cancer therapies; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans; Isotopes; Neoplasms - radiotherapy; Radiation; Radioimmunotherapy; Radioisotopes - chemistry; Radioisotopes - therapeutic use; Research Article; Astatine; Antibody; Radioimmunotherapy; Alpha particles; Alpha targeted therapy; Actinium; Bismuth; Lead; Alpha emitters; Radium; Thorium
• ISSN: 1010-4283; 1423-0380; 1423-0380
• DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0286-y

The effectiveness of targeted α-therapy (TAT) can be explained by the properties of α-particles. Alpha particles are helium nuclei and are ~8,000 times larger than β − -particles (electrons). When emitted from radionuclides that decay via an α-decay pathway, they release enormous amounts of energy over a very short distance. Typically, the range of α-particles in tissue is 50–100 μm and they have high linear energy transfer (LET) with a mean energy deposition of 100 keV/μm, providing a more specific tumor cell killing ability without damage to the surrounding normal tissues than β − -emitters. Due to these properties, the majority of pre-clinical and clinical trials have demonstrated that α-emitters such as 225 Ac, 211 At, 212 Bi, 213 Bi, 212 Pb, 223 Ra, and 227 Th are ideal for the treatment of smaller tumor burdens, micrometastatic disease, and disseminated disease. Even though these α-emitters have favorable properties, the development of TAT has been limited by high costs, unresolved chemistry, and limited availability of the radionuclides. To overcome these limitations, more potent isotopes, additional sources, and more efficient isotope production methods should be addressed. Furthermore, better chelation and labeling methods with the improvements of isotope delivery, targeting vehicles, molecular targets, and identification of appropriate clinical applications are still required.