Presence of plaque, gingivitis and caries in Sudanese children with congenital heart defects

• Published in: Clinical oral investigations Vol. 21; no. 4; pp. 1299 - 1307
• Main Authors: Ali, Hiba Mohamed, Mustafa, Manal, Hasabalrasol, Siham, Elshazali, Osama Hafiz, Nasir, Elwalid Fadul, Ali, Raouf Wahab, Berggreen, Ellen, Skeie, Marit Slåttelid
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.05.2017; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries - epidemiology; Dental Plaque - epidemiology; Dental Plaque Index; Dentistry; DMF Index; Female; Gingivitis - epidemiology; Heart Defects, Congenital - epidemiology; Humans; Male; Medicine; Original; Original Article; Periodontal Index; Sudan - epidemiology; Caries; Children; Gingivitis; Congenital heart defects; Plaque
• ISSN: 1432-6981; 1436-3771
• DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1884-2

Objectives The objective of this study is to assess the presence of plaque, gingivitis, and caries in a group of Sudanese children with congenital heart defects CHDs (cases) and compare them to children without CHDs (controls). Materials and methods This analytical cross-sectional study included cases ( N  = 111, with a mean age of 7.2 ± 3.0 years) and controls ( N  = 182, with a mean age of 7.2 ± 2.8 years) from Khartoum, Sudan. Examinations were done by two calibrated dentists using plaque index, gingival index, and WHO (World Health Organization) caries diagnostic criteria (dmft/DMFT index: decayed, missing, and filled teeth). Results Children with CHDs (cases) had statistically significantly higher mean number of sites with plaque and gingivitis than children without CHDs (controls), although almost all children experienced plaque. Cases also experienced significantly higher mean dmft/DMFT than controls (age group 1, 3–7 years: 3.7 vs 2.3 and age group 2, 8–12 years: 1.3 vs 0.6). The Significant Caries Indices in cases (age groups 1 and 2) were also significantly higher than among controls (SiC 8.2 vs 5.9 and 1.8 vs 0.8, respectively). Fillings were totally lacking among cases and scarce among controls. Conclusions The findings clearly showed that this group of Sudanese children with CHDs was more severely affected with gingivitis and caries than the control group without CHDs. These results are cause for concern in children at risk of developing systemic infections and serious complications related to poor oral health. Clinical relevance These findings provide important baseline data for planning appropriate dental preventive strategies for Sudanese children with CHDs.