Depersonalisation disorder: a cognitive–behavioural conceptualisation

• Published in: Behaviour research and therapy Vol. 41; no. 12; pp. 1451 - 1467
• Main Authors: Hunter, E.C.M., Phillips, M.L., Chalder, T., Sierra, M., David, A.S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2003; Elsevier Science; Elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: Adult; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Anxiety Disorders - psychology; Behavior; Behavior therapy. Cognitive therapy; Biological and medical sciences; Cognition & reasoning; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - methods; Cognitive–behavioral therapy; Depersonalisation disorder; Depersonalization - psychology; Depersonalization - therapy; Derealisation; Dissociation; Humans; Male; Medical sciences; Mental disorders; Models, Psychological; Perceptions; Personality disorders; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Self image; Treatments; Cognitive–behavioral therapy; Dissociation; Depersonalisation disorder; Derealisation; Human; Symptomatology; Cognitive theory; Panic; Cognitive therapy; Depersonalization; Theoretical model; Treatment; Dissociative disorder; Anxiety disorder; Behavior therapy; Personality disorder
• ISSN: 0005-7967; 1873-622X
• DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00066-4

Depersonalisation (DP) and derealisation (DR) are subjective experiences of unreality in, respectively, one’s sense of self and the outside world. These experiences occur on a continuum from transient episodes that are frequently reported in healthy individuals under certain situational conditions to a chronic psychiatric disorder that causes considerable distress (depersonalisation disorder, DPD). Despite the relatively high rates of reporting these symptoms, little research has been conducted into psychological treatments for this disorder. We suggest that there is compelling evidence to link DPD with the anxiety disorders, particularly panic. This paper proposes that it is the catastrophic appraisal of the normally transient symptoms of DP/DR that results in the development of a chronic disorder. We suggest that if DP/DR symptoms are misinterpreted as indicative of severe mental illness or brain dysfunction, a vicious cycle of increasing anxiety and consequently increased DP/DR symptoms will result. Moreover, cognitive and behavioural responses to symptoms such as specific avoidances, ‘safety behaviours’ and cognitive biases serve to maintain the disorder by increasing awareness of the symptoms, heightening the perceived threat and preventing disconfirmation of the catastrophic misinterpretations. A coherent model facilitates the development of potentially effective cognitive and behavioural interventions.