From ocular immune privilege to primary autoimmune diseases of the eye

• Published in: Autoimmunity reviews Vol. 21; no. 8; p. 103122
• Main Authors: Nieto-Aristizábal, Ivana, Mera, Juan José, Giraldo, José David, Lopez-Arevalo, Hugo, Tobón, Gabriel J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.08.2022
• Subjects: Allergy and Immunology; Autoimmunity; Eye; Immune privilege; Ocular; Primary autoimmune diseases; Autoimmunity; CRP; Ocular; CFH; MRI; RANTES; RPE; CFI; ACAID; CNV; UCON; TNF; CRION; Eye; SC; TGF-beta; MEWDS; SION; IRBP; PD-L; AMD; Primary autoimmune diseases; ON; IOI; IL; TRAIL; MS; S-Ag; AZOOR; Treg; MU; AIR; npAIR; PIC; MOG-IgG; BCR; RION; APMPPE; SD-OCT; CAR; Immune privilege; VEGF-R; CFB; MAR; Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy; Multiple sclerosis; Retinal pigment epithelium; Tumoral necrosis factor; Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome; Regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; Serpiginous choroiditis; Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin; Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy; Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation; Solitary episode of isolated ON; Complement regulatory proteins; Idiopathic orbital inflammation; Vascular growth factor receptor; Chronic relapsing inflammatory ON; Recurrent isolated ON; S antigen; Interleukin; Optic neuritis; Melanoma-associated retinopathy; Birdshot chorioretinopathy; Complement factor B; Transforming growth factor beta; Mooren's ulcer; Complement factor I; Complement factor H; TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; Unclassified ON; Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography; Choroidal neovascularization; Nonparaneoplastic retinopathy; Punctate inner choroidopathy; Cancer-associated retinopathy; Programmed death-ligand; Regulatory T-cells; Autoimmune retinopathy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Age-related macular degeneration; Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein
• ISSN: 1568-9972; 1568-9972; 1873-0183
• DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103122

After the discovery of ocular immune privilege, exhaustive research has been performed, and advances have been made in the field of ocular immunology. Currently, it is clear that local and systemic pathways are involved in maintaining a well-preserved environment to guarantee normal vision. The development of autoimmunity in the eye is still a subject of research; however, it has been suggested that microglial cells could act as a gateway for initiating autoimmunity. Moreover, based on the fact that ocular involvement in systemic autoimmune diseases is well described, we aimed to collect and describe ocular diseases with a proposed primary autoimmune pathogenic mechanism. It should be noted that the autoimmune classification in several entities is a topic of discussion among authors. •Immunology of the eye is a complex system involving local and systemic pathways.•The classification of several ocular diseases as autoimmune is subject to debate.•There is a lack of literature revisions on primary autoimmunity in the eye.•We collected ocular diseases with a proposed primary autoimmune pathophysiology.