Comparison of the Accuracy of Ground Reaction Force Component Estimation between Supervised Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods Using Pressure Insoles

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 24; no. 16; p. 5318
• Main Authors: Kammoun, Amal, Ravier, Philippe, Buttelli, Olivier
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 16.08.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Accuracy; Adult; Biomechanical Phenomena - physiology; Deep Learning; Ergonomics; Female; Foot - physiology; force plate measurement; GRF component estimation; Humans; insole pressure measurement; Machine learning; Male; manual material handling; Methods; Neural networks; Neural Networks, Computer; Pressure; Sensors; Shoes; Supervised Machine Learning; Walking; Walking - physiology; Young Adult; force plate measurement; supervised machine learning; deep learning; insole pressure measurement; GRF component estimation; manual material handling; walking activities
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s24165318

The three Ground Reaction Force (GRF) components can be estimated using pressure insole sensors. In this paper, we compare the accuracy of estimating GRF components for both feet using six methods: three Deep Learning (DL) methods (Artificial Neural Network, Long Short-Term Memory, and Convolutional Neural Network) and three Supervised Machine Learning (SML) methods (Least Squares, Support Vector Regression, and Random Forest (RF)). Data were collected from nine subjects across six activities: normal and slow walking, static with and without carrying a load, and two Manual Material Handling activities. This study has two main contributions: first, the estimation of GRF components (Fx, Fy, and Fz) during the six activities, two of which have never been studied; second, the comparison of the accuracy of GRF component estimation between the six methods for each activity. RF provided the most accurate estimation for static situations, with mean RMSE values of RMSE_Fx = 1.65 N, RMSE_Fy = 1.35 N, and RMSE_Fz = 7.97 N for the mean absolute values measured by the force plate (reference) RMSE_Fx = 14.10 N, RMSE_Fy = 3.83 N, and RMSE_Fz = 397.45 N. In our study, we found that RF, an SML method, surpassed the experimented DL methods.