Microbial bile acid metabolites modulate gut RORγ+ regulatory T cell homeostasis

The metabolic pathways encoded by the human gut microbiome constantly interact with host gene products through numerous bioactive molecules 1 . Primary bile acids (BAs) are synthesized within hepatocytes and released into the duodenum to facilitate absorption of lipids or fat-soluble vitamins 2 . So...

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Published inNature (London) Vol. 577; no. 7790; pp. 410 - 415
Main Authors Song, Xinyang, Sun, Ximei, Oh, Sungwhan F., Wu, Meng, Zhang, Yanbo, Zheng, Wen, Geva-Zatorsky, Naama, Jupp, Ray, Mathis, Diane, Benoist, Christophe, Kasper, Dennis L.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 16.01.2020
Nature Publishing Group
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Summary:The metabolic pathways encoded by the human gut microbiome constantly interact with host gene products through numerous bioactive molecules 1 . Primary bile acids (BAs) are synthesized within hepatocytes and released into the duodenum to facilitate absorption of lipids or fat-soluble vitamins 2 . Some BAs (approximately 5%) escape into the colon, where gut commensal bacteria convert them into various intestinal BAs 2 that are important hormones that regulate host cholesterol metabolism and energy balance via several nuclear receptors and/or G-protein-coupled receptors 3 , 4 . These receptors have pivotal roles in shaping host innate immune responses 1 , 5 . However, the effect of this host–microorganism biliary network on the adaptive immune system remains poorly characterized. Here we report that both dietary and microbial factors influence the composition of the gut BA pool and modulate an important population of colonic FOXP3 + regulatory T (T reg ) cells expressing the transcription factor RORγ. Genetic abolition of BA metabolic pathways in individual gut symbionts significantly decreases this T reg cell population. Restoration of the intestinal BA pool increases colonic RORγ +  T reg cell counts and ameliorates host susceptibility to inflammatory colitis via BA nuclear receptors. Thus, a pan-genomic biliary network interaction between hosts and their bacterial symbionts can control host immunological homeostasis via the resulting metabolites. Both dietary and microbial factors influence the composition of the gut bile acid pool, which in turn modulates the frequencies and functionalities of RORγ-expressing colonic FOXP3 + regulatory T cells, contributing to protection from inflammatory colitis.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.
D.L.K. and X.S. designed the experiments and wrote the manuscript; X.S., X.S., S.F.O., M.W., Y.Z., W.Z., and N.G.Z. conducted or helped with the experiments; X.S., X.S., and Y.Z. analyzed the data; R.J., D.M., and C.B. were involved in data discussions and edited the manuscript; and D.L.K. supervised the study.
Present address: Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron St. Bat Galim, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
Author contributions
ISSN:0028-0836
1476-4687
DOI:10.1038/s41586-019-1865-0