Relationship between HMF intake and SMF formation in vivo: An animal and human study

• Published in: Molecular nutrition & food research Vol. 61; no. 3; pp. np - n/a
• Main Authors: Pastoriza de la Cueva, Silvia, Álvarez, Juana, Végvári, Ákos, Montilla‐Gómez, Javier, Cruz‐López, Olga, Delgado‐Andrade, Cristina, Rufián‐Henares, José A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Germany Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.03.2017
• Subjects: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural; 5-Sulfooxymethylfurfural; Adducts; Administration, Oral; Animals; Basic Medicine; Browning; Cell and Molecular Biology; Cell- och molekylärbiologi; Child; Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA; DNA adducts; DNA Adducts - metabolism; Estimated intake; Female; Food; Food Handling; Food processing; Furaldehyde - administration & dosage; Furaldehyde - analogs & derivatives; Furaldehyde - blood; Furaldehyde - pharmacokinetics; Furaldehyde - urine; Health Sciences; Heat processing; Human beings; Humans; Hydroxymethylfurfural; Hälsovetenskap; In vivo methods and tests; Kidneys; Leukocytes; Maillard reaction; Male; Medical and Health Sciences; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper; Metabolites; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Nutrition and Dietetics; Näringslära; Spain; Tissues; Urine; Heat processing; Maillard reaction; 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural; Estimated intake; 5-Sulfooxymethylfurfural
• ISSN: 1613-4125; 1613-4133
• DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600773

Scope 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a furanic compound produced in heat‐processed foods by nonenzymatic browning reactions. HMF has been demonstrated to be hepato‐ and nephrotoxic in animals with a link to its metabolite 5‐sulfooxymethylfurfural (SMF). To date little is known about either the formation of SMF from ingested HMF or the formation of DNA adducts in animals or human beings. Methods and results To assess SMF in vivo formation, we first performed a study in mice treated with high/low doses of oral HMF. We found increased concentrations of SMF in plasma and DNA SMF‐adducts in leukocytes, hepatic tissue, and kidneys by means of LC–MS/MS, but no spatial formation in such tissues was observed by MALDI‐MS imaging technology due to low sensitivity. In a second experiment, we measured the exposure to HMF in a Spanish preadolescent population. We analyzed the concentration of HMF metabolites (plasma, urine) and measured, for the first time, the presence of SMF in plasma and DNA SMF‐adducts in leukocytes. Conclusion This study provides the first evidence that oral HMF is readily transformed into SMF in vivo, giving rise to the formation of DNA adducts in a direct relation with HMF intake, both in animals and human beings. 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a compound produced during the heat processing of common foods such as chocolate, coffee, hamburgers, and so on. 5‐Sulfooxymethylfurfural (SMF) is a metabolite of HMF with toxic and mutagenic characteristics. The presence of HMF and SMF in plasma, liver, and kidneys, as well as DNA adducts in leukocytes after HMF absorption is demonstrated. A high dietary intake of HMF in children is also shown, which is readily metabolized to SMF, giving rise to DNA adducts in those children with the highest intake of HMF.