A Holistic Strategy for Classification of Sleep Stages with EEG

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 22; no. 9; p. 3557
• Main Authors: Prabhakar, Sunil Kumar, Rajaguru, Harikumar, Ryu, Semin, Jeong, In Cheol, Won, Dong-Ok
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 07.05.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Accuracy; Algorithms; Automation; Bayes Theorem; Classification; Clustering; Datasets; Deep Learning; dimensionality reduction; Discriminant analysis; Electroencephalography; Electroencephalography - methods; Entropy; feature extraction; Feature selection; Gaussian process; Holistic Health; Human error; Humans; Insomnia; Inspection; Machine Learning; Methodology; Neural networks; Principal Component Analysis; Principal components analysis; selection; Signal processing; Sleep - physiology; Sleep apnea; Sleep disorders; Sleep Stages - physiology; Sleep Wake Disorders - classification; Sleep Wake Disorders - diagnosis; Sleep Wake Disorders - physiopathology; Visual signals; Wavelet transforms; Workflow; United States > US; Massachusetts; dimensionality reduction; clustering; selection; classification; feature extraction
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s22093557

Manual sleep stage scoring is usually implemented with the help of sleep specialists by means of visual inspection of the neurophysiological signals of the patient. As it is a very hectic task to perform, automated sleep stage classification systems were developed in the past, and advancements are being made consistently by researchers. The various stages of sleep are identified by these automated sleep stage classification systems, and it is quite an important step to assist doctors for the diagnosis of sleep-related disorders. In this work, a holistic strategy named as clustering and dimensionality reduction with feature extraction cum selection for classification along with deep learning (CDFCD) is proposed for the classification of sleep stages with EEG signals. Though the methodology follows a similar structural flow as proposed in the past works, many advanced and novel techniques are proposed under each category in this work flow. Initially, clustering is applied with the help of hierarchical clustering, spectral clustering, and the proposed principal component analysis (PCA)-based subspace clustering. Then the dimensionality of it is reduced with the help of the proposed singular value decomposition (SVD)-based spectral algorithm and the standard variational Bayesian matrix factorization (VBMF) technique. Then the features are extracted and selected with the two novel proposed techniques, such as the sparse group lasso technique with dual-level implementation (SGL-DLI) and the ridge regression technique with limiting weight scheme (RR-LWS). Finally, the classification happens with the less explored multiclass Gaussian process classification (MGC), the proposed random arbitrary collective classification (RACC), and the deep learning technique using long short-term memory (LSTM) along with other conventional machine learning techniques. This methodology is validated on the sleep EDF database, and the results obtained with this methodology have surpassed the results of the previous studies in terms of the obtained classification accuracy reporting a high accuracy of 93.51% even for the six-classes classification problem.