Chitosan nanoparticles for sustained release of metformin and its derived synthetic biopolymer for bone regeneration

• Published in: Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology Vol. 11; p. 1169496
• Main Authors: Chen, Ning-Xin, Su, Xiao-Lin, Feng, Yao, Liu, Qiong, Tan, Li, Yuan, Hui, Chen, Yun, Zhao, Jie, Zhao, Ya-Qiong, Dusenge, Marie Aimee, Hu, Jing, Ye, Qin, Ou-Yang, Ze-Yue, Zhong, Meng-Mei, Zhang, Qian, Guo, Yue, Feng, Yun-Zhi, Peng, Yong-Bo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 05.07.2023
• Subjects: Bioengineering and Biotechnology; biopolymer; BMSCs; bone regeneration; chitosan; drug release; metformin; chitosan; biopolymer; bone regeneration; metformin; drug release; BMSCs
• ISSN: 2296-4185; 2296-4185
• DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1169496

Background: There are considerable socioeconomic costs associated with bone defects, making regenerative medicine an increasingly attractive option for treating them. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer; it is used in approaches for sustained slow release and osteogenesis, and metformin has osteoinductivity. Our study aimed to synthesize chitosan and human serum albumin (HSA) with a metformin nanoformulation to evaluate the therapeutic effects of this nanoformulation on bone defects in vitro . Methods: A pluripotent differentiation assay was performed in vitro on mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to detect whether metformin was toxic to BMSCs. The osteogenesis-related gene expression of osteocalcin (OCN) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) from BMSCs was tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HSA, metformin hydrochloride, and chitosan mixtures were magnetically stirred to finish the assembly of metformin/HSA/chitosan nanoparticles (MHC NPs). The MHC NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). To test the expression of OCN and OPG, western blot were used. MHC NPs were evaluated in vitro for their osteoinductivity using alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results: BMSCs successfully differentiated into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in vitro . According to real-time PCR, a 50 µM concentration of metformin promoted osteogenesis in BMSCs most effectively by upregulating the osteogenic markers OCN and OPG. The microstructure of MHC NPs was spherical with an average nanosize of 20 ± 4.7 nm and zeta potential of −8.3 mV. A blueshift and redshift were observed in MHC NPs following exposure to wavelengths of 1,600–1,900 and 2,000–3,700 nm, respectively. The encapsulation (%) of metformin was more than 90%. The simulation study showed that MHC NPs have good stability and it could release metformin slowly in vitro at room temperature. Upon treatment with the studied MHC NPs for 3 days, ALP was significantly elevated in BMSCs. In addition, the MHC NPs-treated BMSCs upregulated the expression of OPG and OCN, as shown by real-time PCR and western blot. Conclusion: MHC NPs have a stable metformin release effect and osteogenic ability. Therefore, as a derived synthetic biopolymer, it is expected to play a role in bone tissue regeneration.