Bluetooth Device Identification Using RF Fingerprinting and Jensen-Shannon Divergence

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 24; no. 5; p. 1482
• Main Authors: Santana-Cruz, Rene Francisco, Moreno-Guzman, Martin, Rojas-López, César Enrique, Vázquez-Morán, Ricardo, Vázquez-Medina, Rubén
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 24.02.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Accuracy; Analysis; Bluetooth technology; Case studies; Classification; cybersecurity; Data encryption chips; Identification; identification systems; Internet; IoT device identification; Machine learning; Measurement techniques; Methods; Neural networks; radio frequency fingerprints (RFF); Receivers & amplifiers; Safety and security measures; Signal processing; Smart phones; Transmitters; wireless communication; Wireless communications; identification systems; radio frequency fingerprints (RFF); cybersecurity; IoT device identification; wireless communication
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s24051482

The proliferation of radio frequency (RF) devices in contemporary society, especially in the fields of smart homes, Internet of Things (IoT) gadgets, and smartphones, underscores the urgent need for robust identification methods to strengthen cybersecurity. This paper delves into the realms of RF fingerprint (RFF) based on applying the Jensen-Shannon divergence (JSD) to the statistical distribution of noise in RF signals to identify Bluetooth devices. Thus, through a detailed case study, Bluetooth RF noise taken at 5 Gsps from different devices is explored. A noise model is considered to extract a unique, universal, permanent, permanent, collectable, and robust statistical RFF that identifies each Bluetooth device. Then, the different JSD noise signals provided by Bluetooth devices are contrasted with the statistical RFF of all devices and a membership resolution is declared. The study shows that this way of identifying Bluetooth devices based on RFF allows one to discern between devices of the same make and model, achieving 99.5% identification effectiveness. By leveraging statistical RFFs extracted from noise in RF signals emitted by devices, this research not only contributes to the advancement of the field of implicit device authentication systems based on wireless communication but also provides valuable insights into the practical implementation of RF identification techniques, which could be useful in forensic processes.