Association of dietary acid load with cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with diabetic nephropathy

• Published in: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) Vol. 31; no. 5; pp. 697 - 702
• Main Authors: Haghighatdoost, Fahimeh, M.Sc, Najafabadi, Mojgan Mortazavi, M.D, Bellissimo, Nick, Ph.D, Azadbakht, Leila, Ph.D
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.05.2015; Elsevier Limited
• Subjects: Acids; Acids - administration & dosage; Acids - metabolism; Aged; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose - analysis; Blood Pressure; Blood urea nitrogen; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases - blood; Cardiovascular Diseases - diet therapy; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes; Diabetic Nephropathies - blood; Diabetic Nephropathies - diet therapy; Diabetic nephropathy; Diabetic neuropathy; Diet; Diet Surveys - methods; Dietary acid load; Dietary Proteins - administration & dosage; Female; Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Glycated Hemoglobin A - analysis; Health risks; Humans; Insulin; Kidney diseases; Kidneys; Lipoproteins, LDL - blood; Male; Metabolism; Middle Aged; Nutrition research; Potassium; Potassium, Dietary - administration & dosage; Proteins; Risk Factors; Statistical analysis; Studies; Triglycerides - blood; Waist Circumference; Iran; Creatinine; Blood urea nitrogen; Cardiovascular disease; Diabetic nephropathy; Dietary acid load
• ISSN: 0899-9007; 1873-1244
• DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.012

Abstract Objective An association between dietary acid load and cardiovascular disease risk has been reported in epidemiologic studies; however, there are no reports to our knowledge of this association in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between dietary acid load, based on potential renal acid load (PRAL) and protein:potassium ratio (Pro:K) scores, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with DN. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we randomly enrolled 547 patients with DN. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Biochemical and anthropometric measures were assessed using standard methods. Results Participants had a mean age of 66.8 y and body mass index of 24 kg/m2 . After controlling for potential confounders, participants in the low PRAL group had lower hemoglobin (Hb)A1c (5.7% ± 0.5% versus 7.8% ± 0.5%; P  = 0.01), triacylglycerols (246.9 ± 2.3 mg/dL versus 257.4 ± 2.3 mg/dL; P  = 0.006), systolic blood pressure (103.6 ± 0.7 mm Hg versus 106.1 ± 0.7 mm Hg; P  = 0.03), and lower creatinine and fasting blood sugar compared with the high PRAL group. Pro:K was positively related to HbA1c (5.8% ± 0.5% versus 7.6% ± 0.5%; P  = 0.03), but inversely associated with low-density lipoprotein and waist circumference. Conclusions We found that both PRAL and Pro:K were positively related to HbA1c in the setting of DN, whereas other biochemical and kidney-related markers varied with PRAL and Pro:K status. Future studies are warranted to clarify the clinical outcomes of dietary acid load in older populations as well as in patients with chronic kidney disease.