Efficiency of Machine Learning Algorithms for the Determination of Macrovesicular Steatosis in Frozen Sections Stained with Sudan to Evaluate the Quality of the Graft in Liver Transplantation

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 21; no. 6; p. 1993
• Main Authors: Pérez-Sanz, Fernando, Riquelme-Pérez, Miriam, Martínez-Barba, Enrique, de la Peña-Moral, Jesús, Salazar Nicolás, Alejandro, Carpes-Ruiz, Marina, Esteban-Gil, Angel, Legaz-García, María Del Carmen, Parreño-González, María Antonia, Ramírez, Pablo, Martínez, Carlos M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 12.03.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Accuracy; Algorithms; Artificial vision; Bayes Theorem; Biopsy; Classification; Computer vision; Deep learning; Digital imaging; Evaluation; Frozen Sections; Humans; Image classification; Liver; Liver Transplantation; Liver transplants; Machine Learning; macrovesicular steatosis; Medical imaging; Organs; Sudan; sudan stain; Transplantation; Transplants & implants; Sudan; sudan stain; macrovesicular steatosis; machine learning; liver transplantation; computer vision
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s21061993

Liver transplantation is the only curative treatment option in patients diagnosed with end-stage liver disease. The low availability of organs demands an accurate selection procedure based on histological analysis, in order to evaluate the allograft. This assessment, traditionally carried out by a pathologist, is not exempt from subjectivity. In this sense, new tools based on machine learning and artificial vision are continuously being developed for the analysis of medical images of different typologies. Accordingly, in this work, we develop a computer vision-based application for the fast and automatic objective quantification of macrovesicular steatosis in histopathological liver section slides stained with Sudan stain. For this purpose, digital microscopy images were used to obtain thousands of feature vectors based on the RGB and CIE L*a*b* pixel values. These vectors, under a supervised process, were labelled as fat vacuole or non-fat vacuole, and a set of classifiers based on different algorithms were trained, accordingly. The results obtained showed an overall high accuracy for all classifiers (>0.99) with a sensitivity between 0.844 and 1, together with a specificity >0.99. In relation to their speed when classifying images, KNN and Naïve Bayes were substantially faster than other classification algorithms. Sudan stain is a convenient technique for evaluating ME in pre-transplant liver biopsies, providing reliable contrast and facilitating fast and accurate quantification through the machine learning algorithms tested.